western civ day 4

StudyBlue printing of western civ day 4 html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } null western civ day 4 epistemology: how we think; the study of what we know; the science of knowledge itself. plato provided the first statement of epistemology. concerned with how we know things. in the republic in 380 bce he provided his famous allegory of the cave. he laid out what is really knowable and what is not. he deposits this existence of cave dwellers who are chained there. they are constrained to stare straight ahead and only see the shadows on the wall. imagine the contrast of they see and one who is able to become free. that person would be grasping the reality of what is actually happening in the world. extends the metaphor to humans only grasp the shadow forms that are necessarily ephemeral, lack consistency, and not true. vast majority are selfish and materialistic. they can’t grasp the knowledge above the world that contain the eternal truths about beauty and justice. philosophers are able to contemplate these ephemeral ideas. they can control their own carnival drives. they understand the world around them is changing and fading to pass away. you can only gain the eternal truths in your head. plato resented athens because of how they treated socrates. he distrusts democracy by being ruled by people. he prefers all cities should be ruled by philosopher kings. his epistemology is anti-democratic. his understanding of this dual nature of reality would be profoundly influential throughout time. platonic ideas would be part of the greek legacy and brought to the modern world. a hellenized world: projectng hellas, a process understood in 2 ways 800 bc to middle ages: greek art, language, commerce, and culture spread steadily, making important headway throughout the mediterranean. 323 bc to 31 bc: the hellenistic period labels the centuries between the death of alexander the great and the founding of the roman empire. we’ll focus on this second way. macedonia is the homeland of alexander the great. more consiladated land mass. much larger army. rulers were well positioned. the rise of macedon: phillip II of macedon, stregthened by experience in the balkan wars, slowly exerted mastery over the greek city-states his son is alexander the great. died during his campaign. conquered lots of land. died in 323. the greek influence had extended far into india, africa, greece proper. a hellenized world because of alexander. he projected his values into the places he conquered. aristotle taught alexander who thought the senses where the only things that could enter the mind. valued knowledge as power. he went to troy and threw a spear out showing he conquered asia. pharos lighthouse, alexandria (wonder of the world). founded the city of alexandria in egypt. greatest lighthouse in the greek world. beacon to the sailors and in the whole world. the place where people’s intellectual energies should be drawn to. it became the intellectual place in the universe. second largest city in egypt. new center of thought, culture, and activity. library at alexandria: the greatest library in the ancient world. the repository of all the knowledge accumulated since time. illiad and oddessy. they don’t know anything finite about it. its unknown and no one knows where it went. some alexandrian achievements: euclid (300) invented geometry archimedes of syracuse (250) calculated the value of pi. eratosthenes (200) estimated the circumference of the earth (and got close) ptolemy (140) wrote the textbook on astronomy-the almagest-that would shape european thought for over a 1000 years. successor states: the seleucid dynasty (mesopotamia, persia) the ptolemaic dynasty (Egypt) the antigonid dynasty (macedon) they were greek because cities. they derive their wealth and intellectual power through finding new cities. such as antioch. they set up greek colonies within their states. vibrant places. vibrant commerce. greek structures. draw tax receipts from the cities and found armies. greek people were not in the majority but were give privileges and got political power. certain measure of autonomy. there was a school in antioch based on aristotle thought. epictetus (ad 55-135). greek by birth, roman by citizenship, stoic by intellectual filiation. a typical representative of hellenistic culture in the ancient world. stoicism was created in hellenistic world and suited it. imagine oneself as a citizen of a vast world community. it became imperative to reason one’s way through moral obligations. individualized age that was cosmopolitan. look for platonic influences even before the founding of the republic, citizens of rome had long been absorbing greek culture-largely through the mediation of the etruscans. general chronology of rome: monarchy 8th-6th centuries b.c. republic: 510-31 b.c. empire 27 b.c.-a.d 476. the early years of the roman republic saw class tensions and conflicts ultimately resolved through recourse to law. patricians and plebeians found common ground through legal principles, publicly enunciated, institutionally preserved, traditionally revered. cincinnatus - 458 bc- and roman arete. spartan and athenian. this was roman patriotism.