Western Civ. II Test II

The Thirty Years War was a struggle between what two dynastys?

The French Philosophes mostly included people from....

Above all, Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws was concerned with...

Johannes Kepler used date to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory, but that showed the orbits were elliptical. 

in their belief in natural economic laws, they were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle was...

Of all the French philosophes, Montesquieu had the most influence upon the writing of the American Constitution. True or False?

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by the sixteenth-century universities...

literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his System of Nature, claimed that everything in the universe was merely matter in motion, that materialism was the only reality, and that there was no God. True or False?

The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in a spirit of exalting God rather than in questioning and undermining religion. True or False?

Who was the scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th centery and the philosophes of the next?

In Rousseau's The Social Contract, he expressed his belief that...

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

John Locke's philosophy contributed to the development of Enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person's character was shaped by...

Copernicus proposed that the earth orbited the Sun. His new conceptualization of the solar system is called?

________ is based on the Newtonian world-machine with God as it's mechanic, designing the universe in accord with rational laws.

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was...

Whose philosophy stressed separation of mind and matter?

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

Copernicus was a native of...

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by...

The best statement of laissez-faire was made in 1776 by...

In his novel, Emile, with it's emphasis upon the heart and sentiment, Rousseau anticipated the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century. True or False?

Galileo's Dialogue of the Two World Systems was really an attempt to...

Earth-centered; symmetric and concentric.

Another name for medieval scientists

Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion.

"arguments about women." A centuries old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine.

A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge. 

the practice of relying on observation and experiment.

Descartes principle of the separation of mind and matter that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason.

an eighteenth century intellectual movement.

a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion.

the belief that no one culture is superior to another because culture is a mater of custom, not reason, and derives it's meaning from the group holding it.

intellectuals of the Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife.

the quality of being sophisticated and having wide international experience.

a doctrine enunciated by Montequieu in the 18th century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other.

"let (them) do (as they please)"

the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy.

a nineteenth century intellectual and artistic movement.

the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also organized activity to advance women's rights.

gathering of philosophes and notables to discuss the ideas of Enlightenment: the elegant rooms where they'd meet.

an eighteenth century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm.

a late 18th century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity, and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome.

the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling class.

the unofficial written and unwritten culture of the masses.

organized massacres of Jews.

a movement that arose in Germany in the seventeenth century whose goal was to foster a personal experience of god as the focus of true religious experience. 

intense interest in the world around them since it was, after all, "God's handiwork", ancient authors and renaissance artists: desire to discover which school of thought was correct and desire to imitate nature which led to rely on a close observation of nature, technological innovations and mathematics: technical problems such as accurately calculating the tonnage of ships, renaissance magic.

because he believed that human beings could understand the world, itself a mechanical system, by the same rational principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

The popularization of science, a new skepticism: questioning religious truths and values, the impact of travel literature, the legacy of locke and newton: they were intellectual inspiration; Montesquie and political thought,voltaire: religious tolerance and deism, diderot and the encyclopedia, Rosseau and the social contract; the social background of the philosphes varied considerably from the aristocratic Montesquieu to the lower-middle class Diderot and Rousseau.

In popular religion the parishoner chose the preacher and denomonation he wanted to assocate himself with. In institutional religion these choices were not offered.

They were both an "Age of Reason", being that they both wanted people to renew their thinking into logical thinking, and putting their religious beliefs behind their logic (they can still keep their religion, but they can't use it as the reason for literally everything).