Western Civ: Unit 2. September 7th

StudyBlue printing of Western Civ: Unit 2. September 7th html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Western Civ: Unit 2 Greek Culture: B/w 750 and 550 BC radical changes took place. The 1st stage in this process was an assault on the institution of monarchy Monarchy: Monos= one or alone What ended the monarchy system?: Population had grown beyond limits that the Greek system had to support it by 750. Shortages of food, land, and natural resources created violent competition among greek cities. Evidence of emerging class conflict as well. One solution found by Greek city states was colonization. Citizens who were growing in wealth yet had no power were looking for change. Colonies usually stayed in close contact with their motherland. Greek Culture began to spread This colonization is established to reduce population in many of greek city states in order to reduce pressure. All kinds of economic benefits began to be felt in city-states. COlonies began to deal in timber, linen, glass, textiles, precious metals, etc. All profits were given back to mother-cities New oppourutinites given to the middle class to become artisans and other jobs. A large precent of the population is looking forward to a growth in their wealth. The Illiad and Homer time period: Land ruled by very few people. 10 to 20 % of people ruled over rest of population Demos: The people. Commoners or the masses. They enjoyed few rights under law in Homer time period Hesoid: Not a member of the elite. Member of emerging group of land owners. Identifies with lower classes but is becoming wealthy. Dislikes aristocrats. Is a farmer, poet, landowner. Hesoid talks about what it is like being locked out of the aristocracy. "Our Masters get to decide whether we get to eat, or be eaten." Conflict in Hesoids day was leading to the overthrow of Kings. Consensus among historians has to do with both economic changes and military changes that accompanied them. In Homer's day: War was conducted with Aristocrats. Achilles, Agamemnon. All kings. Very little organization to it. NAture of warfare in ancient greece. Aristocratic Phratry: Warfare organized around elite members of the warfare aristocracy. What changes in the war is that middle class farmers are more economically powerful. Their economic fortunes allows them to break the monopoly on violence. Money provided growing middle class two advantages. 1. Money gave them the ability to buy armor and weapons. 2. Wealth required to become good with the weapons. It provides the leisure time to practice. It is out of new access to wealth that changes in military form take place. Farmers fought in the Hoplite Phalanx. It stressed cooperation, reliance on neighbor. Hoplite: A large shield farmers began to equip themselves with. Phalanx: Guys standing side by side, shields guarding the other person spears go between shields Hoplite Phalanx represents the democratization of warfare. IT becomes a superior form of warfare. Farmers seek legitimization in warfare. Once this is obtained, they want say in political power too. No longer can aristocrats say, "Well we protect you so we can control you". All these changes lead to a form of government labeled TYRANNY. Greeks say Tyrant means: Someone who has come to power through unorthodox means. i.e. Someone who is not born as a leader. Tyrants were not seen as a bad thing. They were in fact popular rulers who were supported by the demos. They usually got rid of a unpopular king. Tyranny comes about by revolutionary means. Tyrant realizes this and he does not want to be thrown out of office. He better find ways to make more people happy. Adaption of tyrannies brought on 2 things 1. Gave more direct role to non-aristocrats 2. Pressure on tyrants to adapt progressive policies. They usually promoted peace by making alliances with neighboring cities. They also promoted trade, wealth, and public works progress. Where it broke down is at the question of succession. Who comes next? Most tyrants tried to pass power on through children. It usually would fall in the second or the third generation. Tyrants in the 1st generation had a meritocracy. They were brave and good politicians. They did what they could to please people and stay in office. Meritocracy: Government by merit There is no way job skills always are passed down to the children. The less capable children or grandchildren start using force to stay in power because they are not doing a good job. 500- 600 b.c.: The system of tyranny brings a close to monarchy. participation by the Demos becomes important and leads to what we now call a DEMOCRACY Every greek city state brings power to adult male citizens. Adult means 30 yrs. old. No citizen had rights out of their own city. Polis/Poleis: A community in which one has a direct vital share. If you weren't a man and you were not thirty, though, you were left out. At this point in history, textbooks usually talk about Athens and Sparta. These cities are quite different and they become allies/rivals. Back in the 700's Sparta faced the same problems: social turmoil caused by too many people. Sparta chose to solve this problem by conquest, not colonization. They would conquer their neighbors.. The citizens would then be turned into agricultural slaves. HElots: Agricultural slaves Problem was conquest brought in population that was ten times larger then it originally was. 615 BC- Mecidians take up arms and rebel against their ruling class. This war that follows last a full generation, 30 yrs. When finished: They undertook radical changes to their cities constitution that allowed them to remain in power. Structural changes make Sparta unique. Every male spartan was expected to be training as a warrior or practicing as one. From the age of 7, Spartan boys were taken away from moms and interjected into harsh military changing. They were beaten and taught to beat each other and encouraged to learn how to steal. Little Food. Exposed to extreme cold and heat. This would weed out the bad children. Eventually they would reproduce. They could not leave the barracks though. They would not stay with wives. Conjugal visits were supposed to be hidden and they would be beaten if found having sex. They also would have sex with each other. Homosexuality is extremely common. Reproduction was such an important part of the structure that women had extraordinary freedoms in Spartan society. Athenian women were supposed to be quite and stay home. SPartan women had military training and were strong. They had a right to pick another man if their husband could not produce. State had ability to decide whether to let baby live or die. Babies would be examined and any defects would be "taken care of" by leaving in woods to die or smashing against a rock. All of this just so Spartans have more people then agricultural slaves. Sparta didn't like to go to war. Training for holding down the Helots. The way teenagers were challenged is by hunting for Helots. Sparta also experimented with political authority. Sparta had two kings. Had an executive body of 5 who were called ephors. It had a larger council of 28 that made laws and policy. It then had an assembly in which all mature male warriors had a spot in. Spartans wanted to stay to themselves. They were suspicious of other forms of culture. Spartans employed a type of currency that was valueless because they did not want to trade outside. It was a useless piece of invaluable metal. Athens changes taken place by crisis listed above. They sent out lots of colonies. Colonization did not solve all problems. Athenian farmers had to borrow from rich people. Debt slaves: result of economic downturn and poor agricultural yield. this tradition of debt slavery began changing in Athens. In 594 BC Athenians established an arbitrator. No single group was satisfied with growing system of debt slavery. Arbitrator could change whatever he wanted to change. The winning candidate: Solon: Aristocrat. He was foresighted enough to recognize that drastic things needed to happen. Developed an progressive new social problem. 1st he canceled all agricultural debts. Divided citizens into 4 classes based on agricultural wealth not birth. Power not concentrated on family rights, it is based on economic rights. Solon did not address problem of the vast numbers of families that could not eat because of poor crops 594 to 496: Tyrannies tried to establish, didn't work. Pisistratus came from aristocracy and he succeeded at this. Imposed radical changes that promoted peace. He confiscated land among the wealthy and gave it to some poor farmers. He eventually gave political participation to more people then Athens had ever experienced before. People were willing to share power if chances of success were increased. Democracy emerges in moments of intense and violent competition. Shared power was preferable to losing it all together. In pisistratus day, some members allowed to vote for leaders. Candidates were already in with Pisistratus.