WOMENS STUDIES FINAL

Gender And Women's Studies 103 with Alonso at University of Wisconsin - Madison

About this deck

By: ellen molina
Textbook:

Biology of Women

Where Women Have No Doctor: A Health Guide for Women
Women's Health: Readings on Social, Economic, and Political Issues
Created: 2011-05-07
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 160

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zygote

if the egg us fertilized, the new formation, 'the zygote” will remain in fallopian tube for about 72 hours

blastocyst

blastocyst implants on endometrium about 6 days after zygote has formed

embryo

when the blastocyst reaches 70-100 cells, it becomes an embryo

Role of the corpus luteum if there is conception

-HCG will maintain corpus luteum producing high levels of progesterone

-corpus luteum has new name: CORPUS LUTEUM GRAVIDITATIS

functions of placenta- nutritional

-transfer of nutrients and oxygen

-transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide from fetus to mother

functions of placenta- metabolic

-produces estrogen and progestine to thicken and maintain uterine lining

-produces relaxin

-progestine keeps uterus from contracting

functions of placenta- immunological

-during last 3 months, antibodies from mothers are passed to fetus

prolactin

-produced by anterior pit gland

-causes synthesis of milk

oxytocin

-produced by posterior pit gland

-causes release of milk

ovulation- must breastfeed at least 6-7 times/day to prevent ovulation

-causes high prolactin

-high prolactin causes neg feedback loop (shuts down LH and FSH)

-high prolactin makes ovaries insenstive to LH AND FSH

breastfeeding may stop ovulation only if:

-baby is less than 6 months

-mom has no period since birth

-baby only given breast milk

-no more than 6 hrs between feeding

-baby is fed during the night

colostrium

-"liquid gold" first milk during first days after deliv

-contains antibodies that prevent disease during first months of life

induction

-injection: hormone to speed up labor

-necessary sometimes (long overdue)

-can cause contractions that are TOO strong

-can cause chain reactions -- leads to another intervention

episiotomy

-higher risk of infection

-take longer to heal than smaller tear

-less invasive things can be done to prevent tear

C-section

-goal: 4-6%

-in US: 31%, more than 1 million

-why? Malpractice, fallacies about VBAC, $$$

-$9-17,000 compared to $25,000+

epidural

-culture that eases pain

-epidural block: injection in spine that numbs waist down

-can make women not feel the need to push

-can lead to c-section

-expensive

-slows labor and reduces pushing reflex

-lithotomy position

fetal heart monitor

-only used for high risk pregnancies

-research inconclusive

-lithotomy position

-internal bruising

-supposed to make it safer for women and babies

medicalization of childbirth

-no need for medical intervention when there is no risk

-high risk can be prevented with good prenatal care

-tech and medical intervention cannot replace prenatal care

stages of labor

stage 1: labor contractions, cervix dialated 10 cm

stage 2: delivery of baby

stage 3: delivery of placenta and afterbirth

stage 4 first hour after labor

unsafe abortion

termination of an unintended pregnancy by persons lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment lacking the minimal standards, or BOTH

Guttmacher Institute Abortion Worldwide (2009

results: 20,000 women die annually from UA, easier access to abortion has not increased the number of abortions

recommendations: 1)expand access to modern contraceptives and improve family planning services, 2) expand access to LEGAL abortion, 3) improve coverage and quality of post abortion care

goals: reduce unintended pregnancies, promote safe motherhood, reduce maternal/infant mortality rates, increase educational and economic opportunities for women and girls, PREVENTING ABORTIONS (family pla

“global gag rule”/Mexico City Policy

1984 President Reagan signed it
1993 clinton rescinded it
2001 bush reinstated it
2008 obama rescinded it
This policy did not decrease the number of unwanted pregnancies or UA.
NGOs receiving money from USAID cannot use ANY funding (including non-USAID money) to provide abortion-related services, including referrals to abortion providers. If they do so, all of their USAID funding can be pulled. This rule is currently not in effect.

IPV/DV

-patterns of behavior a person uses to gain power and control over another in an intimate relationship

-physical violence is the enforcer, other methods erode the victims sense of self

types of IPV/DV (PESS)

-physical: hitting, punching, slapping

-emotional: yelling, name calling, isolation, threats, crazy making

-sexual: unwanted touching, demanding sex, rape

-stalking: following after leaving the house, harassing phone calls, runing into victim in public places

power and control wheel

-actions intimidate and control partner until they are afraid to ask for help

stages of the cycle of violence (TAH)

-tension building: anger, blaming, arguing

-acute battering: incident occurs

-honeymoon stage: asks for forgiveness, promise it wont happen again, not constant but a continuum,

US figures for IPV/DV

-70% committed against men are strangers

-70% committed against women are relatives or partners

-leading cause of injury to W between 15-44

-W battered every 9 seconds

-50% of homeless women and kids are fleeing IPV

-37% abused while pregnant

-women who leave batterer at 75% greater chance of being killed

-50% of battered women abuse alcohol/drug treatment

health consequences of IPV/DV

acute trauma

chronic pain

headaches

fatigue

depression

anxiety

suicide ideation

STDs

unwanted pregnancies

substancde abuse

death

central nervous and cardiac issues

miscarriage

most common/sever forms of GBV

IPV

sexual violence by non-IP

trafficking

forced marriage

sex selective abortion

female infanticide

honor killing

rape

war rape

physical effects of rape

lacerations

bruises

tearing

STI

chronic health problems

lost virginity

infections

pregnancy

psychological effects of rape

fear

desperation

shame

depression

flashbacks

alc/substance abuse

menopause

natural or surgical cessation of estradiol and progesterone production by ovaries

hormonal changes/fluctuations during menopause

-lower progesterone and estrogen

-high levels of FSH AND LH

-types of estrogen: estradiol (stronger estrogen of reproductive ovaries are main source. estrone (weaker estrogen of post menopause converted from androgen)

effects of menopause

premenopausal effects: shorter or longer period, erratic ovulation

lack of energy

bone loss

memory probs

lack of concentration

mood swings

anxiety

depression

hot flashes

vaginal dryness

medicalization of menopause (ERT & HRT)

ERT: estrogen only for women who had a hysterectomy

HRT: estrogen and progestine for women with intact uteruses

-mixtures of conjugated equine estrogens

premarin: most common and longest prescribed from 50s-90s

prempo: patches, creams, IUDs, pills

2000 largest double blind clinical trial done HRT and ERT by the WHI

july 2002: HRT part of the study cancelled because higher incident of heart disease and BC

-26% increase in breast cancer

-41% increase in strokes

-200% increase in blood clots

-no increase in quaity or life or memory issues

march 2004: ERT part of the study cancelled because increase risks of strokes outweighed any benefits

anti-depressants for menopause

prozac: reduce anxiety and mood swigs. for menopausal women? for young women with PMDD?

sarafem: 2000, used for hot flashes, same ingredients, diff packaging

neurontin: reduces hot flashes, anti-seizure medication often prescribed off-label

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)

synthetically produced from botanical source

agonist: in bones and blood vessels to help prevent osteoporosis and heart disease

antagonist:helps prevent endometrium and breast cancer!

bioidentical hormone RT for menopause

-chemically identical to those produced in a womens body

-"can slim you down y reducing hormonal imbalances"

-NO BACK UP RESEARCH

lifestyle changes for menopause

-good nutrition and supplements (VITAMIN E, C, calcium, magnesium)

-exercise

-avoid hot beverages and spicy foods

Early stages of BC

stage 0: atypical cells have not spread outside ducts or lubules

stage 1: cancer no longer than 1 inch and has NOT spread to surrounding lymph nodes or outside breast

stage2:

A. tumor smaller than 1 inch has spread up to 3 axillary lymph nodes, OR grows approx 2 inches but not spread to lymph nodes

B. tumor grows 1-2 inches AND spread up to 3 axillary lymph nodes, OR tumor is larger than 2 inches but not spread to lymph nodes

stage 3: A. tumor is larger than 1-2 inches AND has spread up to 9 a.l.n

Advanced stages of BC

stage 3: B. tumor spread to tissues near breast "(skin, chest wall, ribs, muscles, or lymph nodes in chest)

stage 4: cancer spread to other organs or tissues (liver, lungs, brain, skeletal system, lymph nodes NEAR collar bone)

Differences/similarities in incidence for different categories of women

-incident rates higher in white women

-mortality rates higher in black and latina

-black women have highest because: lack of awareness about screening, $$ of screening/treatment, diagnosed with larger tumors than white women

-asian immigrants increase their risk by 6 TIMES

-asians living for a decade have 80% higher risk of BC than new immigrants

Differences/similarities in survival rates for different categories of women

determined by % of women who are alive 5 years after time of their diagnosis

asian: 91%

white: 90%

latina: 86%

pacific islander: 86%

american indian: 84%

african american: 78%

key to survival?

EARLY DETECTION: earlier cancer is diagnosed, better the prognosis

mammograms, ultra sounds, self exam, early act,

HALO test:

not a diagnosis test but it analyzes fluid that comes from nipple
detects some abnormalities that might tell us about well being of breast. Is it in good health?

prevention

-action taken to lower chance of getting BC

-avoid risk factors (smoking, pesticides)

-increase protective factors (exercise, diet)

Recommendations of the USPSTF before November 2009

1) 1 mammogram/year (every 2 yrs) 40-50 yrs old

2) earlier mammograms for women with history of BC

3) regular self exams

Recommendations of the USPSTF after November 2009

1) no mammograms for women between 40-50 (except those at risk)

2) start at age 50

3) less frequent mammograms between 50-74 (every 2 yrs)

4) against teaching breast self-exam

types of Gyno cancer (ECOV)

-endometrial cancer (most common)

-cervical cancer

-ovarian cancer (most lethal)

-vaginal & vulvar cancer (most rare)

28,000 women die from it

key for survival for ECOV

-spread the word!

-prevention

Upstream & Downstream model of Public Health for Women’s Health.

upstream: prevention

middle stream: detection

downstream: treatment

prevent people from falling in the river by first studying the water

health → risk factors → disease → death
river metaphor
go upstream to find root of problem

"In Love and In Danger: Teens and Date Violence" movie

-teens more likely to interpret violence as love

-abusers goal: gain control over partner

-20% of homicides are due to abusive relationships

"business of being born"

-midwifes attend 70% of births in Japan

-US less than 7%

-surgeons should not be doing normal births, arnt trained for it, find pathology out of nothing

-us HAD SECOND WORST IMR in developed world

-series of interventions leads to a c-section

-do c section to avoid getting sued

-women are choosing elective c sextions because they are so used to surgeries