Workbook terms-Exam 3

Sociology 101 with Hodson at Ohio State University - All Campuses

About this deck

By: Hannah Henson
Textbook: Sociology: A Brief Introduction
Created: 2011-02-27
Size: 76 flashcards
Views: 47

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Institutions

Stable clusters of values, norms, statuses, roles, and expectations that develop around the basic needs of a society: family, economy, government, education, religion

Marriage & Family

Some form of it has always been present, even before our species evolved into its present form of homo sapiens sapiens.
Still home to our strongest emotions

Crucial Functions

regulation of sexual activity and birth, care & provision of family members, replacement of societal members, intimacy
Family is thus central to human life

Family will...

not disappear, but the form IS actively shifting at this time

Why is divorce rate high? #1

1) Stress
-high demand to provide economic and emotional support
-less help from extended family and community
-divorce comes, at least in part, from expecting too much

Why is divorce rate high? #2

2) Changing role of women
-rejection of intolerable relationships by women and men
-Divorce is a solution, not a problem

Why is divorce rate high? #3

3) Sexual permissiveness
-allows sex without marriage

In What Way shall we live? #1

1) Extended Family
-in preindustrial society, family was the center of production, not just consumption
-arranged marriages

In what way shall we live? #2

2) Nuclear Family
-Men & increasingly women work in jobs independent from the family
-romantic live becomes key
-love provides emotional support in absence of more extended family ties
-love lossens bond to family of origin
-assortative marriage

In what way shall we live? #3

3) Resulting breakdown 0f nuclear family Ratio of yearly divorces to marriages
Today= Serial Monogamy (first one partner, then another, then another)

In what way shall we live? #4

4) Today's household situations:
-staying single longer
-Cohabitation
-Deferred childbearing and childlessness
-Divorce
-Single parent families (much poverty, social problems)
-Gay & lesbian couples and families

Religion

A set of beliefs and practices that are oriented toward values held to be sacred
-we believe in something beyond that ordinary

Functions of Religion

Shared bond = a societal glue
reinforces a culture's important social values
provides help (meaning & social support) during stressful events: puberty, marriage, death

Religious Resurgence

Religion may be one response to the fragmented nature of modern life
-reduced family role
-Cosmopolitan life
-Pluralistic values
-rapid change

Emile Durkheim: Elemental forms of Religion : Simple Supernaturalism (5)

unspecified supernatural forces (often evil) common in small isolated human bands

2) Animism

-active spirits:animals, people (live or dead)
-spirits personified as having motives
-magic used to influence these spirits; sacrifices, voodoo
-occurs with increased population density and competion

3) Polytheism

-gods as human-like entities with supernatural powers
-occurs with large competing kingdom
-Hinduism

4) Monotheism

-one supreme god
-emerges in empires
-Christianity, Islam

5) Abstract Ideals

-ways of thinking and behaving to reach elevated state of being
-retains image of a spirit beyond bodily form
-arises in situations of priest class with little power
- Buddhism--enlightment as a state of loving compassion for all living things

Religion is also related to social class

Beliefs of different religions appeal to different social classes

Conflict view of religion

promotes ethnocentrism
results in religious conflict (0ver school curriculum)

Paradox of religion

Religion is supposedly centered on sacred values, yet religion is commonly used to justify profane worldly interests

Primary Groups

Personal and unique, full relations (Family, Close/long-term friends, religious community)

Secondary Groups

preexisting impersonal groups, partial relations (organizations (work), bureaucracy as modern form, lose of intimacy)

Three counter trends to the rise of secondary groups 1) People create new primary groups

-gangs
-Friends in the workplace
-fast intimacy

2) New quasi- primary groups

-clubs
-occupational identities
-mass movements
-serial primary groups

3) Continued interest in traditional

Primary groups of family, church

Primary groups are not disappearing....

Just changing form
-temporary (serial primary groups?)
-more voluntary, less binding
-change with stages of life
-yet still intense and intimate
-many occur within organizations and workplaces

Formal organizations = Key Modern life settings

-Formal organizations are quite recent in human life
-Today are main locations for living
-work is the central organization

Work occurs today almost completely within..

Formal organization (work used to happen only within family)
-This is an historic mega-shift in human life
-Work is a source of meaning

Work 10,00 BC- 2025: 1) Hunt & Gather

Kin bands
limit=periodic starvation

2) Agriculture

-emergence of surplus (and hierarchy)
-limit=raiding

3) Empires

subjugation: Slavery and feudalism
-farming plus military w/ permanent war on frontier
-limit=coercive/war

4) Craft

-free skilled workers in cities
-craft unions, fine goods
-limit=expensive, slow

5) Factory

-divide tasks into parts
-closely monitor workers
-add machinery=industrial revolution

6) Scientific management

-workers treated as machines/cogs

7) Bureaucracy

-extends scientific management to offices
-large companies, government, OSU
-Max Weber's "iron cage"

7) Bureaucracy (defined)

-division of labor
-hierarchy
-new= written rules
-impersonal criteria
-technical qualifications of office holders
-limits=paperwork/inflexible
-stifles creativity= General Motors?

8) Future = old, plus

-technology = greater productivity
-teams = creativity

8) Future (human dimension of work)

-unaccountable corporations
-capital flights
-insecure jobs
-transnational labor flows
-role of unions
-Corporations dominate society?

Demography

study of human population dynamics
(Fertility, mortality, migration)

All populations naturally expand .What keeps them in check?

Natural checks: food supply, disease, predators
Cultural constraints on births- unique to humans (delayed marriage, birth control technology, infanticide) Brings world population down to a manageable amount

Growth was very slow until recently. Then, suddenly a multiplying of humans. Why?

Not that we had more babies or sex, people are living longer (declining mortality)

What caused a decline in Mortality?

Industrial Revolution
-sanitation, clean water, public health, improved food supply, medical treatments

Two population theories: 1) Malthusian Trap

-growing population exceeds food production
-expect natural check by famine, disease, death

Is Malthusian trap true?

-famine and disease prevalent in 1798
-less true today

2) Demographic transition theory

Birth rate declines to match mortality rate, leading to a new stability
-true of industrialized nations because preference for smaller families (more children survive; fewer needed, farm to urban, old age pensions)

Limitation to Demographic transition

1) malthusian trap continues to characterize less developed nations= a problem
2) Industrialized nations below replacement

Why doesn't Demographic transition limit growth in developing nations?

-takes time-cultural lag: if a nation is very populous, the lag is very consequential
-Nations cannot successfully compete and develop in modern world: -therefore, high population growth his continued in 3rd world, without industrialization children are the only wealth & security

4 solutions to population explosion: 1) family planning

-provide info and technology
-doesn't work if people don't want it or can't afford it

2) Deceit

Indira Gandhi ousted over this (tricked men into having vasectomies & said they would have better sex lives)
-not realistic

3) Discourage large families

-Restrictive sexual norms
-Delayed marriage
-Penalties: large fines/job loss/housing loss
-Disenfranchisement of "over-quota" children
-Results in overcrowding of orphanages

4) Development & Equality

-birth rate then declines naturally
-educate people, especially women

U.s population is growing!

1) population Bulge in Child-bearing years (baby boomers)
-expected future is stability, industrialization, and relative equality
-Immigration adds to growth too

Likely changes in the world

End of cheap energy
Coal= high pollution & global warming
high population makes options difficult
infastructure based on cheap oil limits choices
future=much less wasteful consumption
technology and cultural advances continue

Environmental sociology

Environmental issues are social issues
1) industrialization, consumption and population growth fuel all the rest
- Industrialization nations are the biggest consumers
-Developing nations want to consume more

2) clean water

Clean water is running out
-chronic dysentery and cholera are increasing

3) Land & resources

-Erosion
-Suburban sprawl
-Limited resources (i.e. oil)

4)Global Warming from CO2

Emissions up, plant life down
-Biodiversity decreases, mainly from loss of habitat

5) Solid waste

Air and water are a lot cleaner in the United States

6) Loss of Natural Beauty

Sociologist can contribute solutions by understanding patterns that are sustainable vs. unsustainable

Ecological footprint

This is the land and shallow sea water necessary to support a nation's standards of living

Epidemiology

Prevalence and distribution of human diseases
-Critical link between social and natural sciences
-Epidemiology: prevent disease
-Medical treatment: cure existing disease
-Epidemiology more important for increased health and longevity

Historically in Epidemiology

public health = vaccines
today= chemicals & pollution in the environment
(Get Chemicals in the body by lungs, skin, and mouth)

Resulting Health problems

Cancer, asthma, organ damage, anemia, joint problems, nervous problems, infertility

Epidemiological issues

industrial chemicals are legal until proven dangerous
delayed onset
data is a challenge (neighborhood surveys, factory studies, regional studies
interactions of chemicals
human incidence rates vs. animal experiments

Key areas of contemporary change

family, work, globalization, and oil/energy

Social Change: 1) Drift (unplanned)

unplanned events, such as population growth, technology, globalization
unintended consequences, such as pollution from industry

2) planned actions

actions of rich and powerful people
planned government policy initiatives
social movements

Social movements

Large number of people who join together to bring about or resist some social or cultural change
This is society's self-regulation mechanism`

Labor movements

One of the most successful social movements of modern history
-restructured American living conditions in ways we take for granted today
-has world parallels, such as solidarity movement in Poland, Korea, Mexico, Brazil, China

Labor movement gains

- 8 hours day
- better pay and working conditions
- right to organize and protest
-end to child labor
- min. wage and overtime rules
-health and safety
-social security
-unemployment compensation
-improvements in education, welfare, health insurance

What is sociology? 1)

The science of systematic observation of human society
-observational & interview

4) Topics

Culture and socialization
deviance
inequality
family
religion
work
population
social change

About this deck

By: Hannah Henson
Textbook: Sociology: A Brief Introduction
Created: 2011-02-27
Size: 76 flashcards
Views: 47

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj