Zoo 101 Useful Vocab (Exam 2)

Zoology 101 with Bleiweiss\riters\thoma at University of Wisconsin - Madison

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By: Jennifer Roberts
Created: 2011-10-17
Size: 90 flashcards
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Asexual Reproduction

an offspring arises from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only

Chromosome

What DNA is packed into in a cell's nucleus

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and associated protein molecules

Chromatid

one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division

Sister Chromatids

Duplicated chromosome each containing identical DNA and attached at it's centromere

Centromere

A specialized region where the two chromatids are most closely attached

Centrosome

Contains materials that function throughout the cell to form the cell's microtubles

Daughter Cell

One of two exact replications of the parent cell

Kinetochore

A structure of proteins associated with specifice sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere

Motor Proteins

Move materials through the cell

Microtubles

tubes that run the length of a cell to assist in cell division and pull chromosomes apart

Microtubule Organizing Center

Centrosomes

Spindle (Mitotic Spindle)

Composed of centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them, help with the separation of chromosomes

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

Somatic Cells

all cells except the reproductive cells
Contain pairs of chromosomes

Gamates

Reproductive Cells
Contain half the chromosomes as somatic

Diploid

Somatic cells- having pairs of chromosomes
Having two homolougous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother, one from the father

Haploid

Contains ONE complete set of chromosomes

Growth Factor

a protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

Signal Transduction

Converts external signal to internal; relay molecules (like telephone)

Receptor

Receives the message to divide, growth factor binds to it and it becomes activated

Proto-Oncogene

Proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

Oncogene

Cancer causing genes

Tumor Suppressor

Cells contain genes whose normal products inhibit cell division

Telomerase

Allow for infinite cell divisions, immortality

Chemotherapy

Chemical kills dividing cells

Antisense

RNA inhibition

Benign

abnormal cells that remain at the original site

Malignant Tumor

abnormal cells become invasive enough that they impair the functions of oner or more organs

Metastasis

the spread of cancer cells

Density-Dependent inhibition

"crowded cells stop dividing" cells know when they have made a layer and stop dividing once the layer has been made, in cancer cells the cell doesn't have any sense of how dense the area around it is and thus keeps dividing forming a tumor

Extracellular Matrix

part of animal tissue that usually provides structural support to the animal cells

Checkpoint

The point in the cell cycle where factors check the cell's progress and either tell it to continue or send it on a suicide pathway

Cell Cycle

the life of a cell, where it grows and divides

Cell Growth

Stage before mitosis

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate, centromeres on the metaphase plate

Methylation

turns a gene off

Asexual Reproduction

reproduction where offspring gets gene for a single parent, no sex

Sexual Reproduction

Male and Female give one set of genes each to offspring to give it a complete pair of genes,

Gamate

Sex cell, half the chromosomes of somatic n=23

Meiosis

The division of gamates

Fertilization

the union of gamates, haploid sperm fuses with haploid egg

Haploid

Contain a single chromosome set (n)
humans n=23

Diploid

Two chromosome sets (2n)
humans 2n = 46

Homolougous Chromosomes

chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position and staining pattern. one is inherited from mom, the other, dad.

Allele

alternative versions of a gene

Crossing Over

Genetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids

Nondisjunction

the failure of chromosome pairs to seperate properly during meiosis

Sex Chromosome

X & Y chromosomes, determine gender- X has many genes on it

Autosome

non sex chromosomes

Trisomy

three copies of one chromosome

P Generation

Parent generation

F1 Generation

First Filial, the first generation

The Second Generation

True-Breeding

After many generations, the same off spring are produced.

Gene

Code for your genetic material

Allele

Variations of genes

Locus

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Dominant

If the allele is present in the genotype then it is present in the phenotype

Recessive

only if two alleles are present in the genotype will the gene show up in the phenotype

Monohybrid Cross

The offspring of two parents produce heterozygous for one character. The cross between such heterozygiys

Dihybrid Cross

The cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive for two characters, and produce heterozygous offspring for two characters.

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene

Homozygous

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character

Phenotype

Observed traits, physical characterists

Genotype

The genetic make-up

Incomplete Dominance

When two alleles are neither dominant or recessive, somewhere between the two parental varieties

Codominance

The two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

Pedigree

The family tree

Sex Chromosome

The X chromosome codes for many genes

Autosome

Any gene not a sex gene

Epigenetics

The genes that are present and turned on from the many on DNA

Methylation

the addition of methyl groups that "turn off" a gene

Eurochromatin

Less compacted, more dispersed chromatin

Heterochromatin

Highly condensed chromatin

Cellular Respiration

Obtaining energy from an outside force

ATP

the molecule that drives most cellular work

Phosphorylation

Chemiosomosis and electron transport

Mitochondria

where the production of the majority of ATP is produced

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The membrane in which protons are forced across to create an electron gradient to produce ATP

Cristae

the internal compartments formed by the mitochondria studded with ATP

Matrix

The inside space of the mitochondria

Intermembrane Space

The area where protons are sent to form a gradient and the production of ATP can occur

Electrons

negatively charged atoms

Protons

Positively charged atoms

Gradient

The formation of lesser and higher concentrations

Active Transport

Takes energy to move molecules across a membrane

ATP Synthase

used the energy from proton flow to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

fermentation

Anaerobic synthesis of energy

About this deck

By: Jennifer Roberts
Created: 2011-10-17
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 28

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy