Zoo Exam 4
Zoology 101 with Thoma, Porter, Orrock at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Jake Hall
Textbook:
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 127 flashcards
Views: 121
Textbook:
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 127 flashcards
Views: 121
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Aristotle
classified species based on increasing complexity
Linnaeus
classified species based on shape and design
Lamarck
changes can be passed on to offspring
Malthus
all organisms produce more offspring than can survive
Hutton
geological features of earth change over time
Lyell
general rate of geographical change is relatively constant
Cuvier
fossils change over time
Darwin and Wallace
-observed lots of new and different species
-gradient species change
-adaptation
-gradient species change
-adaptation
Darwin's 2 Key Points
1. Descent w/ Modification
2. Change of species in time can arise due to natural selection
2. Change of species in time can arise due to natural selection
Darwin's 2 Observations
1. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
Darwin's 2 Inferences
1. Individuals that are well-suited to their environs tend to leave more offspring
2. Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population
->Evolution and Adaptations Arise
2. Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population
->Evolution and Adaptations Arise
Artificial Selection
by controlling survival and reproduction, dramatic change can occur in a short period of time
Vestigial Structures
historical remnants that serve no obvious present purpose
Molecular Homologies
similar molecular composition of proteins, DNA
Homology
similarity due to common ancestry
Homologous Structures
features w/ similar construction due to common ancestry
Biogeography
the geographic distribution of species
Endemic Species
species only found in a particular location (i.e. islands)
Population
a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Heritable Traits
traits w/ a genetic basis
Genotype
genetic composition of an individual
Phenotype
observable characteristics of an individual
Alleles
alternative versions of a gene that can produce a different phenotypic effect
Microevolution
change in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next
Gene Pool
all of the alleles for all loci in a population
Polymorphism
there are 2+ versions of a trait in a population (2+ alleles @ locus of interest)
Mutation
change in structure of a gene or chromosome
Sex
combining existing alleles in new ways
Genetic Drift
change in allele frequencies between generations due to random (chance) events
Founder effect
a few individuals separated from source pop'n, become founders of new pop'n, allele freq's of founders is unlikely to reflect pop'n.
Bottleneck Effect
large pop'n experiences catastrophic event that dramatically reduces pop'n size, many individuals & possibly many alleles are lost
Gene Flow
change in allele freq between generations due to input of individuals or gametes from other pop'n
Directional Selection
favors individuals @ one end of phenotypic range
---^
---^
Disruptive/Diversifying Selection
favors individuals @ opposite ends of phenotypic range
^--^
^--^
Stabilizing Selection
favors individuals @ middle of phenotypic range
x^x
x^x
Sexual Selection
NS related to mating success, survival isn't enough, genes must get to next generation.
EX. Ability to locate mates, courtship behaviors, ornaments
EX. Ability to locate mates, courtship behaviors, ornaments
Intrasexual Selection
acts on traits that affect success in competition w/ members of same sex for mates
Intersexual Selection
(mate choice) acts on traits that affect success in being chosen for mating by opposite sex
Sexual Dimorphism
sexes look different (size, shape, color, etc.)
Evolutionary Trap
using an old cue in current environment results in a maladaptive choice
Speciation
creation of new species
Macroevolution
evolutionary change above the species level, the evolutionary components of speciation
Biological Species Concept
individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Subspecies
organisms that differ but don't differ enough to be different species
Reproductive Isolation
existence of biological factors (reproductive barriers) that prevent 2 individuals from interbreeding and producing viable/fertile offspring
Pre-Zygotic Barriers
prevent mating or fertilization of egg
-Gametic
-Mechanical
-Temporal
-Habitat
-Behavioral
-Gametic
-Mechanical
-Temporal
-Habitat
-Behavioral
Post-Zygotic Barriers
Prevent survival or reproduction of offspring
-Hybrid Viability
-Hybrid Fertility
-Hybrid Breakdown
-Hybrid Viability
-Hybrid Fertility
-Hybrid Breakdown
Temporal Isolation
difference in mating times (early vs. late spring)
Habitat Isolation
difference in mating habitats (ponds vs. streams)
Behavioral Isolation
difference in mating behaviors (distinct calls)
Mechanical Isolation
mating may be attempted but prevented by morphological differences
Gametic Isolation
sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species
Hybrid Viability
hybrids do not survive well
Hybrid Fertility
hybrids cannot reproduce
Hybrid Breakdown
hybrids are non-viable or sterile in subsequent generations
Allopatric Speciation
geographic separation of populations
Sympatric Speciation
speciation w/out geographic isolation
-mostly via polyploidy
-mostly via polyploidy
Polyploidy
many chromosomes
Punctuated Equilibrium
periods of little change interrupted by short periods of rapid change
Gradualism
big differences between species accumulate through slow, steady change
Adaptive Radiation
the evolution of new species from a common ancestor upon introduction of or to a new environmental opportunity
Mass Extinctions
-characterize boundaries in geological time
-5 events in earth's history (loss of 50% or more of species)
-often characterized by:
-big environmental change (ice age)
-catastrophic events (asteroid strikes. volcanic activity)
-5 events in earth's history (loss of 50% or more of species)
-often characterized by:
-big environmental change (ice age)
-catastrophic events (asteroid strikes. volcanic activity)
Ecology
study of distribution and abundance of organisms
Dispersal
movement of individuals away from center of high populations density or from their area of origin
Biotic Factors
factors that affect the distribution of organisms
-predation
-competition
-any interaction w/ another species
-predation
-competition
-any interaction w/ another species
Abiotic Factors
-temperature
-water
-sunlight
-wind
-rocks/substrate/pH/mineral composition
-water
-sunlight
-wind
-rocks/substrate/pH/mineral composition
Biome
areas characterized by distinct ecological communities
-> distinct climate regions
-> distinct climate regions
Organismal Ecology
studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges
Population Ecology
focuses on factors affecting number and distribution of a species living in an area
Community Ecology
focuses on interactions among species
Ecosystem
a community of organisms in an area and physical and chemical factors w/ which they interact
Ecosystem Ecology
emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
Landscape Ecology
deals w/ arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region
Global Ecology
examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere
Density
number of organisms per unit area or volume
Dispersion
pattern of spacing among individuals in a population
Density=
Birth+Immigration-Death-Emigration
Clumped Dispersion
individuals aggregate in patches
-resource distribution, behavior (predation risk, foraging, mating)
-resource distribution, behavior (predation risk, foraging, mating)
Uniform Dispersion
individuals are evenly spaced
-social interactions (territoriality, competition)
-social interactions (territoriality, competition)
Random Dispersion
the position of each individual is independent of other individuals
-in the absence of strong interactions
-in the absence of strong interactions
Demography
study of population attributes and how they change over time
Generation Time
average amount of time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
Cohort
group of individuals born at the same time
Survivorship
tracks changes in number of individuals in a cohort over time
Logistic Growth
exponential growth + a "buffering" term that keeps the population at/near the carrying capacity, K
Interspecific Interactions
between/among species
-Predation (including herbivory)
-Symbiosis (parasitism, disease)
-Competition
-Predation (including herbivory)
-Symbiosis (parasitism, disease)
-Competition
Predation
+/- interaction
carnivory and herbivory
carnivory and herbivory
Cryptic Coloration
defense against predators, difficult to see
Aposematic Coloration
defense against predators, defend w/ chemicals
Batesian Mimicry
defense against predators, harmless species mimics a harmful one
Mullerian Mimicry
defense against predators, 2 unpalatable species mimic each other (both nasty, i.e. bees)
Spines, Thorns
defense against predators, be hard to eat
Dilution Effect
defense against predators, group formation, increase defense opportunity, (strength in numbers), "mobbing"
Startle/Confusion/Vigilance
defense against predators, attempt to fight back or startle/confuse to delay
Active Defense
defense against predators, ex. skunk, bombardier beetle
Fleeing
defense against predators, last resort
Symbiosis
an interaction between organisms of 2 different species that involves direct physical contact
Types of Symbiosis
-Parasitism
-Mutualism
-Commensalism
-Mutualism
-Commensalism
Parasitism
+/-
parasite lives in or on host (often not lethal)
pathogens- disease causing organisms
parasite lives in or on host (often not lethal)
pathogens- disease causing organisms
Commensalism
+/0
not very common
"hitch-hiking"
both species can survive w/out each other
not very common
"hitch-hiking"
both species can survive w/out each other
Mutualism
+/+
relationship often obligatory
-endosymbionts- species living inside its host
relationship often obligatory
-endosymbionts- species living inside its host
Competition
-/-
occurs when 2 or more species share the same limited resource
occurs when 2 or more species share the same limited resource
Competitive Exclusion Principle
2 species that share same limiting resource cannot coexist indefinitely
Niche
sum total of an organism's use of resources in its environment
Character Displacement
tendency for characteristics of co-occuring (sympatric) species to diverse more than isolated (allopatric) species
Trophic Cascades
indirect effect of top predators on lower trophic levels
Dominant Species
those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass
Biomass
total mass of all individuals in a population
Keystone Species
exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches
Ecosystem Engineers
influence other species by physically altering the environment (EX. beavers)
Biodiversity
the different plants, animals, microorganisms, their genes, and the ecosystems of which they are a part
Species Diversity
how species differ from one another
Richness
number of species in a given area
Evenness
distribution of individuals among different species
Introduced/Exotic Species
species introduced to an area outside of their native range that can alter habitat, compete w/ native species, eat native species, alter ecosystem services and ultimately eliminate native biodiversity
Overexploitation
harvesting of plant or animal populations at higher rates than population growth rates
Reserves
large, intact, functioning ecosystems
-areas of high biodiversity
-species or groups of species of special interest
-protect important ecosystem services and reduce extinction
-areas of high biodiversity
-species or groups of species of special interest
-protect important ecosystem services and reduce extinction
Photosynthesis
autotrophy ("self-feeding")
-CO2+H2O-->glucose+O2(+heat)
-light energy-->chemical energy
-CO2+H2O-->glucose+O2(+heat)
-light energy-->chemical energy
Respiration
-glucose+O2-->CO2+H2O+ATP(+heat)
-releasing chemical energy to do work
-releasing chemical energy to do work
10% Rule
only 10% of energy makes it through to next highest trophic level
Biogeochemical Cycling
movement and chemical transformation of biologically important elements between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem(s)
Enhanced Ecosystem Services
crops
livestock
aquaculture
carbon sequestration
livestock
aquaculture
carbon sequestration
Degraded Ecosystem Services
capture fisheries
wood fuel
fresh water
air quality regulation
wood fuel
fresh water
air quality regulation
Mixed Ecosystem Services
Timber
Fiber
Water regulation
Disease regulation
Recreation and ecotourism
Fiber
Water regulation
Disease regulation
Recreation and ecotourism
4 Main Findings
1. Humans have radically altered ecosystems in last 50 years.
2. Changes have brought gains but at growing costs that threaten achievement of development goals.
3. Degradation of ecosystems could grow worse but can be reversed.
4. Workable solutions will require significant changes in policy.
2. Changes have brought gains but at growing costs that threaten achievement of development goals.
3. Degradation of ecosystems could grow worse but can be reversed.
4. Workable solutions will require significant changes in policy.
Fixed Allele
entire population is homozygous at that locus
Fitness
ability to survive and reproduce via Natural Selection
About this deck
By: Jake Hall
Textbook: Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 127 flashcards
Views: 121
Textbook:
Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 127 flashcards
Views: 121
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy