Zoopoop

mito: ETC    chloro: light make ATP

-Flow ions across lipid bilayer

H+ ions want to get back because the outside has a high concentration of ions making it acidic.

plant donor = h2o (chloroplast)

"final" acceptor: Oxy (mito)

Animal, fungi donor: reduce organic molecules (glycolsis and krebs)

"final" acceptor = oxy (mito)

a. fermentation

b. like plants and animals

c. alternate donors and acceptors

stiff cell wall. breaks in wall allow contact btwn cells

Long tubes= hyphae in cell wall

seperated by wall and mem = septa

pores - -connect memebrane and big enough to nuclei to move through (hole in mem)

synctrum---fused cells in fungi

cell walls = cellulose (polysacc)

pores connect smooth ER of 2 cells = plasmodsmata can pass protein and RNA

No well wall, byut jelly-like coat

extracellular matix (ie collagen, chondotins [aka:cartilage] )

can be connected by GAP junctions (smal pores btwn some cells)

only permiable like lipid bilayer

cell adhesion molecules

specific lock and key binding to protein on adjacent cell

tighty attached cell organized in flat sheet.

--provides barrier --- use cAMP

top- no attachement (apical) cellium

tightly packed

bottom-bing to excellular matrix (basal)

1. cytoplasmic connections

synytial cells in fungi can pass everything

plants: plasmodsmata can pass some RNA proteins

Animals: GAP junction, no proteins or nuc acid, only small molecules

2. via extracellular signals

Testosterone, estrogen

gases can also go through membrane to receptor inside

Protein Kinases: enzymes that add phostphates to target proteins, activating or inactivating them.

Change shape of protein, diff activity, lock and key

**Chain of kinase= cascade

recpetor outside

1:1 ration....no amplification

1. first messanger = signal connects to recpetor

2. GTP to G-protein

3. travel to adneylyl cylase (enzyme)

4. makes many ATP and many cAMP (2nd messanger)

a. inherited info

b. signaling from adjacent cell

cells depend on external signals to differntiate has the potency to make >1 cell

Early= plunpotent (make several types)

Later=determined (to become a specific cell type)

Stem cells = undetermined cells

dont get bgger, maybe depending on nutrients

their cell # increases because of cell division

linear DNA in a complex protein

set # (46 human)

diff chromo contain diff genes

* need to get 1 of each chomo to each daughter cell

Mitosis: daughter cell have same # of chomo as parent cell

daughter chomo # = parent chromo #

sepertate sister chomatid to make seperate chomo

-after rep, 2 dbl stranded chromatids attached into single chromosome at centromere (slide)

Arrange and move choromsomes

-microtubles in animals cells

glue protines attch centromere to protein

---machine wake up and down microtubes slide past eachother and shortening

daughter cells have 1/2 # of chomor as parent