ANAT 115 Study Guide (2013-14 Hendon)
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- University of Alabama - Birmingham
- Anatomy
- Anatomy 115
- Hendon
- ANAT 115 Study Guide (2013-14 Hendon)
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Anatomical Position
Palms facing forward, legs shoulder width apart
Medial
Toward midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Dorsal/
Posterior
Posterior
Toward back
Ventral/
Anterior
Anterior
Toward the front
Prone
chest down, back up;face down
prone
lying face down in anatomical position
Supine
back down, chest up; face up
supine
lying face up in anatomical position
Plantar
Toward feet
plantar
sole of the foot
Palmar
palm up
palmar
palm of the hand
Superficial
close to the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Superior
Above; at a higher level (toward the head)
Inferior
Below; at lower level (toward the feet)
Proximal
closer to the body; toward an attached base
Distal
Away from the body
Cranial
toward the head
Caudal
Away from the head (toward the tail)
Median Plane Cut
section that passes along midline and divides body into left and right
Sagittal Plane Cut
divided into left and right (equal parts)
Frontal/
Coronal Plane Cut
Coronal Plane Cut
divided into front and back
Transverse/
Horizontal Plane Cut
Horizontal Plane Cut
divided into top and bottom
Oblique Plane Cut
any plane not parallel to other planes
Parasaggital Plane Cut
divided into left and right (unequal parts)
Axillary
of the axilla or armpit
axillary
armpit region
Brachial
of the upper arm
Capitis
of the head
Carpal
of the wrist
Cervical
of the neck
Clavicular
of the clavicle
Cutaneous
of the skin or near the skin
Femoral
of the thigh
Gluteal
of the buttocks area
Iliac
of the upper pelvic region
Inguinal
of the groin
Lumbar
of the lower back region
Pectoral
of the front of the chest
Pelvic
of the lowest area of the torso
Popliteal
of the back of the knee
Tarsal
of the ankle
Thoracic
of the chest
Epiphysis
the end of a long bone
epiphysis
ends of long bones; filled with red marrow & cancellous (spongy) bone
Epiphyseal Line
line marking epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage plate in metaphysis at end of a long bone)
epiphyseal line
growth plate of long bone
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
shaft or hollow middle of long bone
Compact Bone
dense bone containing parallel osteons
compact bone
tightly packed bone tissue located in the diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
space within a bone that contains bone marrow
medullary cavity
hollow cavity of long bone
Yellow Marrow
tissue that fills internal cavities in a bone (dominated by adipose tissue)
yellow marrow
found in the medullary cavity of long bone
Cancellous Bone (spongy)
trabecular bone; composed of a network of bony struts
Red Bone Marrow
Tissue that fills internal cavities of bone (dominated with hemopoietic cells)
red bone marrow
found in epiphyses; site of RBC production
Periosteum
layer that surrounds a bone consisting of outer fibrous and inner cellular region
periosteum
covers bone & encourages bone growth & repair
Nutrient Foramen
holes in bone for vessels and nerves
nutrient foramen
small hole in shaft for blood & lymph vessels
Fibrous Joint (structural)
Example: connective tissue
Immovable
Synarthrotic
Immovable
Synarthrotic
Cartilaginous Joint (Structural)
Example: cartilage
Partially moveable
Amphiarthrotic
Partially moveable
Amphiarthrotic
Synovial Joint (Structural)
Example: Elbow/Knee
Most Moveable
Diarthrotic
Most Moveable
Diarthrotic
Synarthroses (Functional)
separated by fibrous tissue
Example: line between bones in skull
Immovable
Example: line between bones in skull
Immovable
Amphiarthroses
Connected with hyaline cartilage
Example: ribs connect to sternum
Slightly Movable
Example: ribs connect to sternum
Slightly Movable
Diarthroses (Functional)
Surrounded by joint capsule
Example: knees
Freely Movable
Example: knees
Freely Movable
Ball-and-socket Joint Example
Shoulder
ball & socket joints
triaxial joints
i.e. hip & shoulder
Hinge Joint Example
finger joints (moves in one plane)
hinge joints
flexion & extension
Pivot Joint Example
turning wrists
pivot joints
rotational movements; between C1 & C2 to shake head side to side
Plane Joint Example
wrists/ankles
Condyloid Joint Example
ligaments of wrist/metacarpophalangeal joints
Saddle Joint Example
ligaments of wrist/carpo/metacarpal joint (opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex)
Alveolus
a small, saclike dilation (tooth sockets in alveolar region of maxilla and mandible)
alveolus
small, saclike dilation (i.e. alveolar region of maxilla & mandibles)
Canal
a long tube-like passage through a bone that is an opening for veins, arteries, or nerves
canal
long, tubelike passage through bone that is an opening for veins, arteries, & nerves
Fissure
a slit-shaped opening or separation between two bones for the passage of veins, arteries, and neves
fissure
slit-shaped opening or separation between two bones for passage of veins, arteries, & nerves
Foramen
a hole passing through a bone for the passage of blood vessels or nerves
Fossa
a shallow depression or cavity (the glenoid fossa is a shallow depression in the scapula)
fossa
shallow depression or cavity; i.e. glenoid fossa of scapula where clavicle articulates
Lamina
a flattened area of bone, such as the lamina of vertebrae
lamina
flattened area of the bone
lamina
flat portion leading to spinous process
lamina
broad, flat portion leading to the spinous process
Meatus
a pipe-shaped or tube-like opening, such as the external auditory meatus
meatus
pipe-shaped or tube-like opening
Sinus
a cavity within a bone
Sulcus
a groove or deep depression between two areas of the same bone
Capitulum
a small head or eminence on a bone
capitulum
rounded structure on lateral side of distal end of humerus; articulates with head of the radius
Capitulum
small head/eminence on a bone ("cap it" refers to head)
capitulum
round; lateral distal end; articulates with head of radius
capitulum
-next to trochlea
-articulates w/ head of the radius
Condyle
a rounded prominence at the end of a bone
Epicondyle
a condyle above or on another condyle
Head
a round projection beyond the neck of a bone
head
rounded projection beyond neck of bone
Malleolus
a process shaped like a small hammerhead (medial malleolus of the tibia)
malleolus
process shaped like a hammerhead
Olecranon
the "head" of the bone at the elbow
olecranon
forms point of elbow on the posterior surface of the proximal ulna
olecranon
point of elbow; posterior proximal end
olecranon
back of the elbow
olecranon
point of elbow
Process
a projection from, or a bump on a bone
Trochlea
a process shaped like a pulley
trochlea
process shaped like a pulley; i.e. trochlea of the humerus
trochlea
pulley-shaped structure located at distal humerus that articulates with troclear notch of ulna; forms part of hinge at elbow
trochlea
pulley shaped; distal and posterior; articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
trochlea
-pulley-shaped structure
-articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
-forms part of the hinge joint at the elbow
Crest
a rough, bony ridge, such as the iliac crest
Line
a prominent ridge along the diaphysis of a bone
line
prominent ridge along diaphysis of bone (linea aspera of the femur)
Line
prominent ridge along the diaphysis of a bone, such as the line aspera
Spine
a sharp projection or prominent ridge on a bone
spine
sharp projection or prominent ridge on a bone (spine of the scapula)
Trochanter
a large, roughened raised or enlarged area of a bone
trochanter
large, roughened raised or enlarged area of a bone (greater trochanter of the femur)
Trochanter
large, roughened, raised, or enlarged area of a bone, such as the greater trochanter
Tubercle
a rounded enlargement, but smaller and smoother than a trochanter
Tubercle
rounded enlargement, but smaller/smoother than a trochanter, such as the lesser tubercle of the humerus
Tuberosity
a rough, enlarged area
tuberosity
rough, enlarged area (ischial tuberosity)
abduction
to move away
adduction
to move towards
thigh
top half of leg
leg
bottom half of leg; calf region
median/midsagittal
cut right down the middle dividing body into equal L and R halves
Sagittal
section divides the body into right and left portions
coronal (frontal)
section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
horizontal/transverse
divides body into cross sections; separates superior from inferior
oblique
to cut at an angle
Parasagittal
parallel to midsagittal plane, separates the body into R and L portions of unequal size
5 types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular, and seasmoid
cancellous bone
spongy bone found in epiphyses, ribs, & most irregular bones; blood vessels run through it; designed to bear stress
3 joint structures
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial
3 joint functions
1. synarthroses (immovable)
2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
3. diathroses (freely movable)
fontanels changing to skull sutures
fibrous joints that are synarthroses or immovable
part of the ribs & intervertebral discs are an example of
cartilaginous joints that are amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
humerus & scapula joint are
synovial & diarthroses (freely movable)
synovial joint characteristics
1. synovial membrane
2. synovial cavity
3. articular cartilage
4. fibrous capsule
5. tendons to support externally
6. ligaments to support externally & internally
SLAFTS!
6 characteristics of synovial joints
1. joint capsule
2. articular cartilages
3. joint cavity with synovial fluid
4. synovial membrane
5. accessory structures (cartilage,tendons, ligaments)
6. sensory nerves & blood vessels
6 subtypes of synovial joints
1. ball & socket- humeroscapular joint
2. hinge - elbow joint
3. pivot - wrist
4. plane - interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
5. condyloid- metacarpophalangeal joint
6. saddle- thumb
How many bones are in the entire body?
206 bones
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126; bones of the upper & lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, & the pelvic girdle
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
How Many Bones In the Axial Skeleton?
-80
-Examples: skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
How many bones are in the axial skeleton and what are they?
8 bones. They include the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.
pectoral girdle
framework to which upper limbs attach & consists of the scapula & clavicle
Pectoral girdle
Framework to which the upper limbs attach and is made up of the scapulae and clavicles.
pectoral girdle
upper limbs attached to axial skeleton by this
pelvic girdle
framework to which lower limbs attach & consists of the 2 coxal bones
Pelvic girdle
Provides the framework to which the lower limbs are attached and is made up of the two coxal bones.
pelvic girdle
lower limbs attached by this
the pelvic girdle
2 coxal bones formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. fuse at acetabulum (cup like depression and site of articulation for head of femur)
pelvic girdle
-composed of the two coxal bones
The skull is formed from ? & ? bones
cranial & facial
3 sections of cranial cavity
1. anterior cranial fossa - formed by frontal & sphenoid bones
2. middle cranial fossa - formed by sphenoid & temporal bones
3. posterior cranial fossa- formed by occipital bone
4 skull sutures
1. coronal suture- separates frontal & two parietal bones
2. sagittal suture - separates 2 parietal bones from each other
3. lambdoidal suture- separates occipital & 2 parietal bones
4. squamosal suture- separates each temporal bone from adjacent parietal bone
frontal bone forms the ? & ? externally
forehead & superior region of orbital fossa
frontal bone forms & internally
anterior part of anterior cranial fossa
frontal bone articulates with
ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, nasal, & parietal bones
The frontal bone has articulations with the _____ and the ______ as well as the ______, _______.
ethmoid bone and the sphenoid bone as well as the zygomatic, nasal and parietal bones
supraorbital margins
region of frontal bone that are ridges at the superior region of the orbits
Supraorbital margins
Ridges at the superior region of the orbins
supraorbital margins
ridges at superior region of the orbits -- eyebrows
supraorbital margins
ridges at the superior region of the orbits
frontal sinuses
cavities in the frontal bone located between the 2 supraorbital regions
Frontal sinuses
The cavities within the frontal bone between the two supraorbital regions
frontal sinuses
cavities within the frontal bone
supraorbital foramen
tiny opening within each supraorbital region for the passage of nerves & blood vessels
supraorbital foramen
tiny openings above the eye sockets -- passage for nerves and blood vessels
supraorbital foramen
small opening within each supraorbital region for passage of nerves and blood vessels
meningeal grooves
indentations for the passage of meningeal arteries located in the internal surface of the frontal bone
Meningeal grooves
Indentations for the passage of meningeal arteries, which pass through the dura mater. On the internal surface of the frontal bone.
meningeal grooves
internal surface of frontal bone. indentations for the passage of the meningeal arteries
occipital bone forms the
posterior & inferior portion of the skull
Foramen Magnum
Large opening at the inferior portion (base) of the Occipital Bone, through which the brainstem passes
Foramen magnum
The large opening in the inferior portion of the occiptal bone through which the brainstem passes. The brainstem passes through the foramen magnum at the level of its junction with the spinal chord.
foramen magnum
brainstem passes through, with spinal cord
foramen magnum
large opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone. brainstem passes through
occipital condyles
smooth bumps located laterally to the foramen magnum; articulate with the concave facets of the atlas (C1) to allow nodding of the head
occipital condyles
located laterally to either side of the foramen magnum --- concave facets of atlas articulates here
occipital condyles
smooth bumps on each side of foramen magnum. articulates with SAF of atlas
jugular foramina
small, oval openings formed along the suture btwn. occipital & temporal bone; allows passage of internal jugular veins & cranial nerves IX, X, & XI
jugular foramina
openings for the passage of the internal jugular veins & CN (IX, X, XI)
jugular foramina
openings along suture between occipital and temporal bone. passage of internal jugular veins 9, 10, 11
hypoglossal canal
small openings in occipital bone just above each occipital condyle; allows passage of hypoglassal nerve or cranial nerve XII
2 little holes under occipital condyles
hypoglossal nerve CN XII
hypoglossal canal
opening that passes through the occipital bone above each condyle. cranial nerve 12 passes through
hypoglossal canal
location for CN XII
basioccipital
thick region of occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum where occipital bones articulates with sphenoid bone
basioccipital
thick region of occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum ; where occipital articulates with the sphenoid bone
sphenoid bone forms ? & ? of the cranium
part of the floor & the lateral walls
the greater wings of the ? bone articulate with the ? & ?
sphenoid bone; frontal bone & parietal bone on each side of the skull
a portion of the greater wings of the ? forms the ?
sphenoid bone; posterior portion of the eye orbits
lesser wings of the ? bone are located ? to the greater wings
sphenoid; medial
the ? pass through the lesser wings
optic canals
the lesser wings form the ?
superior portion of the superior orbital fissures
? pass through the optic canals
optic nerves
optic nerves cross at the ?
optic chiasm
superior orbital fissures
diagonal slits located lateral to the optic canals; borders formed by the lesser & greater wings of the sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
diagonol slits; lesser and greater wings form the borders. Passageway for blood vessels and CN (III, IV, VI)
superior orbital fissures
diagonal slits located lateral to the optic canals. passage for blood vessels and cranial nerves 3, 4, 6
Superior orbital fissure
location of CNs III, IV, VI
superior orbital fissures are passageways for
blood vessels & cranial nerves III, IV, & VI
cranial nerves II, IV, & VI are responsible for
eye movement
body of sphenoid
central portion located medial & inferior to greater wings; contains sphenoid sinuses
sella turica
deep depression in superior portion of body of sphenoid; houses the pituitary
foramen rotundum
small opening located in medial region of greater wing; opening for passage of branch of cranial nerve V
foramen rotundum
inferior to superior orbital fissure; Opening for the passafe of a branch of CN V
foramen rotundum
small opening located within the medial region of the greater wings. passage for cranial nerve 5.
pterygoid plates
project from inferior surface of sphenoid; located behind upper 3rd molar in an articulated skull
pterygoid plates
project from the inferior surface. located behind the upper 3rd molar
? is the "keystone" bone of the skull bc it articulates with almost every skull bone including
sphenoid; frontal, ethmoid, occipital & parietal of the skull & maxillae, vomer, palatine, & zygomatic bones of face
ethmoid bone
located at midline; forms portion of anterior floor of cranium & roof of nasal cavity
Ethmoid bone
forms a portion of the anterior floor of the cranium & the roof of the nasal cavity
ethmoid bone
located at the midline and forms a portion of the anterior floor and the roof of nasal cavity
crista galli
pointed structure on superior surface of ethmoid; portion of dura mater attaches here
Crista galli
A portion of the dura mater attaches here
crista galli
pointed structure on superior surface of ethmoid bone. dura mater attaches here
cribiform plate
region of porous bone on either side of crista galli; olfactory nerves (cranial nerves I) pass through here
cribiform plate
location of CN I
perpendicular plate
vertical portion of ethmoid located at midline; forms superior part of nasal septum
Perpendicular plate
located at the midline of the bone. Forms the superior part of the bony nasal septum
bony, scroll-shaped structures extending into the nasal cavity; superior closest to the perpendicular plate
Superior & Middle nasal conchae
bony scroll-shaped structure extending into the nasal cavity.
ethmoid sinuses
ethmoid cells; small cavities in ethmoid bone
Ethmoid sinuses
small cavities within the ethmoid bone
ethmoid sinuses
cavities within the ethmoid bone
lateral masses
located lateral to the nasal conchae; form medial portion of orbit
Lateral masses
lateral to the nasal conchae. lateral masses form the medial portio of the orbit
temporal bone forms ?
part of the lateral walls & floor of the cranium
mastoid process of the temporal bone
large, blunt process posterior & inferior to external ear; attachment site for sternocleidomastoid muscle
mastoid process of the temporal bone
attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle
styloid process
anterior to mastoid process; connected to hyoid bone by ligaments & tendons
styloid process
located anterior to the mastoid process; tendons and ligaments connect this structure with the hyoid bone
petrous part of temporal bone
bony ridge that forms part of floor of cranium
petrous part of temporal bone contains
auditory ossicles & structures of inner ear
external acoustic meatus
opening for ear canal; anterior & superior to mastoid process
carotid canal of temporal bone
passageway for internal carotid artery; opens anterior to jugular foramen
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone; anterior to external auditory meatus
temporal process of zygomatic bone
articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
meets with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
zygomatic process of temporal bone
meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. anterior to external acoustic meatus
mandibular fossa
depression on proximal, inferior surface of zygomatic process of temporal bone; articular site for condylar process of the mandible = temperomandibular joint - hinge joint
mandibular fossa
depression on the proximal inferior surfaces of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. articular site for the condylar process of the mandible (mandibular condyle)
mandibular fossa
depression on proximal inferior surface of zygomatic process of temporal bone. articular site for the condylar process of mandible.
internal acoustic meatus
located on the medial surface of the petrous part of temporal bone; passageway for cranial nerves VII & VIII
internal acoustic meatus
passageway for CN VII and VIII
internal acoustic meatus
located on medial surface of petrous part of temporal bone. passageway for cranial nerves 7 and 8
internal acoustic meatus
location for CNs VII & VIII
parietal bone forms the ? & ?
lateral walls & roof of cranium
each parietal bone articulates with the ? bones
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, & temporal
vomer
articulates with perpendicular plate of ethmoid to form the posterior, inferior portion of bony nasal septum
vomer
articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone;
to form a portion of the bony nasal septum
to form a portion of the bony nasal septum
vomer
articulates with the perpendicular plate. forms posterior inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
madible
lower jaw & only movable bone of the skull
condylar process
round knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form TMJ
condylar process
(mandibular condyle)
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone = temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone = temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
condylar process
round knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
coronoid process
anterior to condylar process; attachment site for temporalis muscle
coronoid process
articulates with coronoid fossa of humerus
coronoid process
anterior to the condylar process. site of attachment for temporal is muscle
alveolar region
tooth sockets
alveolar region
where the teeth go
alveolar region
area of the mandible that houses tooth sockets for the lower dentition
angle of the mandible
curves part of lower jaw
angle of the mandible
(mandibular angle)
curved part of the lower jaw
mental foramina
small openings on anterior surface of mandible for passage of blood vessels & nerves
mental foramina
small openings for the passage of blood vessels and nerves
? does not articulate with any bone directly
hyoid bone
hyoid bone is attached to the ?
styloid process of the temporal bone, inferior border of the mandible, & the maubrium of the sternum by tendons & ligaments
maxilla
2 bones that form the upper jaw & articualte @ midline between two front incisors; each forms part of hard palate & eye orbit
Maxillae (2)
"upper jaw"
forms parts of the orbit of the eye and hard palate
maxilla
two form the upper jaw. articulate with each other along the midline. forms part of orbit of the eye
frontal process of the maxilla
pointed structure that articulates with the frontal bone; forms part of the bridge of nose
frontal process of the maxilla
pointed structure that articulates with the frontal bone
palatine process of the maxilla
anterior portion of the hard palate; articulates with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
maxillary sinuses
cavities within the maxilla
palatine bones form
posterior portion of hard palate & portion of orbit
zygomatic bones form
lateral wall & part of floor of eye orbits
zygomatic arch
formed by union of zygomatic process of temporal bone & temporal process of zygomatic bone = cheekbone
zygomatic arch
formed by the unior of the zygomatic process and temporal process -- "cheekbones"
zygomatic arch
formed by union of the zygomatic process of temporal and temporal process of zygomatic
frontal process of the zygomatic bone forms & articulates with
lateral wall of orbit; frontal bone
nasal bones form ? & articulate with ?>
bridge of nose; frontal bone & maxilla
lacrimal bones form ? & contain ?
portion of orbit; opening for nasolacrimal duct
nasolacrimal duct does what?
conducts tears from the orbit in to the nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae not part of the ?
ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae connects to
walls of the maxilla
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes; smallest bones in the body
Auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
auditory ossicles
smallest bones in body. the malleus the incus and stapes are located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
auditory ossicles located within ?
petrous portion of the temporal bone
7 bones that form each orbital fossa
maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
other parts of the orbital fossa
optic canals, superior & inferior orbital fissures
inferior nasal concha is a ? attached to the ?
independent bone; wall of the maxilla
structures forming the nasal septum
1. perp. plate of ethmoid bone
2. vomer
3. septal cartilage
superior part of palatine process of maxilla
forms floor of nasal cavity
4 bones with sinuses
1. sphenoid
2. maxilla
3. frontal
4. ethmoid
paranasal sinuses are always named for ?
the skull bone in which they lie
6 fontanels
frontal, occipital, 2 sphenoid (temporal) & 2 mastoid (posterior lateral)
Fontanels
"soft spots"
-frontal, occipital, 2 sphenoid, and 2 mastoid fontanels.
The skeletal system is comprised of the...
Axial and appendicular skeleton
The skull is formed from bones of both ___ and ____ bones.
Cranial, facial
The cranium forms the ______ surrounding the delicate brain.
"brain case"
Openings within individual skull bones allow for
the passage of nerves and blood vessels
How many sections is the cranial cavity divided into and what are they?
three. They are the anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa, and the posterior cranial fossa.
What forms the anterior cranial fossa?
The frontal bone and part of the sphenoid bone
What forms the middle cranial fossa?
Part of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone
What forms the posterior cranial fossa?
The occipital bone
Skull bones come together at immovable joints called
Sutures
The coronal suture
Separates the frontal bone from the two parietal bones
coronal suture
separates frontal from the 2 parietal bones
The sagittal suture
separates the two parietal bones from each other
The lambdoidal suture
separates the occiptal bone from the two parietal bones
lambdoidal suture
separates the occipital from the two parietal bones
lambdoidal suture
separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones
The squamosal suture
separates each temporal bone from the adjacent parietal bone
squamosal suture
separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone
The frontal bone forms the forehead and the superior region of the
orbital fossa
Internally, the "floor" of the frontal bone forms the anterior part of the
anterior cranial fossa
The occiptal bone forms the ____ and _____ portion of the skull
Posterior, inferior
appendicular skeleton
composed of 126 bones and includes bones of upper and lower limbs
Appendicular Skeleton
All bones except the skull and spinal cord
scapula
forms part of pectoral girdle; triangle-shaped bone that serves as site of attachment for many muscles that move arms and pectoral girdle
scapula
triangle shaped; site of attachment for muscles that move the arm and pectoral girdle
glenoid cavity
shallow depression on superior, lateral side of scapula; articular site for head of humerus; glenohumeral joint is synovial ball & socket joint formed by ____ and head of humerus
glenoid cavity
depression; superior lateral side of scapula articulates with head of humerus
coracoid process
beak-shaped projection on scapula, located superiorly and anteriorly to glenoid cavity
coracoid process
beak shaped; superior and anterior to the glenoid cavity
Coracoid process
beak-shaped projection
spine of the scapula
bony ridge coursing diagonally along posterior surface of scapula
spine of scapula
coursing diagonal along posterior surface
spine of the scapula
bony ridge...diagonally along the posterior surface of the scapula
acromion process of the scapula
lateral, expanded end of the spine of scapula; forms lateral-most extremity of the scapula
acromion process of the scapula
forms the lateral most extremity of the scapula.
-lateral clavicle
medial border of scapula
faces vertebral column
medial border of the scapula
(vertebral border)
faces the vertebral column
faces the vertebral column
supraspinous fossa
depression located above spine of scapula
supraspinous fossa
depression superior to the spine of the scapula
infraspinous fossa
depression located below spine of scapula
infraspinous fossa
depression inferior to the spine of the scapula
clavicle
articulates at its medial end with manubrium of sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint; at its lateral end ___ articulates with acromion process of scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint
clavicle
articulates at medial end with manubrium forming sternoclavicular joint, articulates at lateral end with acromion process of scapula forming acromioclavicular joint
humerus
single bone of the arm
head of humerus
large, rounded structure at proximal end of humerus; articulates with glenoid cavity fossa
head of humerus
rounded structure at proximal end
greater tubercle of humerus
raised area at proximal end of humerus
Greater Tubercle of Humerus:
raised area on proximal end of humerus
lesser tubercle of humerus
small raised area near greater tubercle at proximal end of humerus
intertubercular groove of humerus
located between greater and lesser tubercles; attachment site for several muscles
intertubercular groove of the humerus
-in b/w greater and lesser tubercles
-site of attachment for several muscles
deltoid tuberosity
rough, raised area along midline of diaphysis of humerus
deltoid tuberosity
rough area along middle of diaphysis
deltoid tuberosity
rough, raised area along the middle of the diaphysis of the humerus
olecranon fossa of humerus
depression at distal end of the posterior surface of the humerus; forms a hingle with olecranon process of ulna
coranoid fossa
small depression at distal end of anterior surface of the humerus; articulates with coronoid process of ulna
medial and lateral epicondyles
located superior to capitulum and trochlea
medial & lateral epicondyles
superior to the capitulum and trochlea
medial/lateral epicondyle
above the condyles of the femur
ulna
medial bone of forearm
Ulna
-medial bone of the forarm
-several sites here serve as muscle attachment
trochlear notch of ulna
"U" shaped depression at proximal end of ulna; articulates with trochlea of humerus; humeroulnar joint is synovial hinge joint located between the trochlear of humerus and this
trochlear notch of the ulna
-"U" shaped depression at proximal end of ulna
-articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
olecranon process of the ulna
tip of olecranon, which is located at proximal end of ulna; articulates with coronoid fossa of humerus
olecranon process of the ulna
-tip of olecranon
-articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus
coronoid process of the ulna
small process that articulates with coronoid fossa of the humerus
coronoid process of the ulna
-articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus
radial notch
small depression on the proximal end of ulna; head of radius articulates here
radial notch
depression at proximal end of humerus; articulates with head of the radius
radial notch
- head of radius articulates at this site
-next to coronoid process
ulnar styloid process
pointed structure at distal end of ulna
head of ulna
located at distal end of ulna, just proximal to styloid process of ulna
head of ulna
distal end; proximal to styloid process
distal end, next to styloid proces
radius
more lateral of two bones in forearm
radius
-most lateral of the two bones of the forearm
-serves as site for several muscles
radial tuberosity
roughened, raised area at proximal end of radius
radial tuberosity
rough raised area at proximal end
radial tuberosity
-roughended raised area at the proximal end of the radius
radial styloid process
pointed structure at distal end of radius
radial styloid process
pointed structure at distal end
head of radius
unded structure at proximal end of radius; articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna; radioulnar joint is synovial pivot-type joint located between ____ and radial notch of ulna
head of radius
round structure at proximal end; articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of the ulna
head of radius
-articulates with radial notch of the ulna & the capitulum of the humerus
scaphoid
most lateral of carpal bones when the hand is in anatomical position; articulates with distal radius and lunate to form the wrist joint
scaphoid
articulates with the distal radius and lunate to form wrist joint
lunate
located medial to scaphoid and articulates with distal radius; also articulates with triquetrum, haate and capitate
lunate
medial to scaphoid; articulates with distal radius and triquetrium hamate and capitate
triquetrum
located medial to lunate; articulates with pisiform and hamate
pisiform
located at base of palm on medial side; articulates with triquetrum and no other bones
pisiform
base of palm; articulates with only triquetrium
trapezium
articulates with scaphoid and trapezoid; has distal articulations with metacarpals I and II
trapezium
articulates with scaphoid and trapezoid; distal articulation with meta carpals II and I
trapezoid
lies btwn trapezium and capitate; distal articulations with metacarpal II
trapezoid
between trapezium and capitate; distal articulations with metacarpal II
capitate
btwn trapezoidal and hamate; proximal articulations with scaphoid and lunate and distal articulation with metacarpal III
capitate
between trapezoid and hamate; proximal articulations with scaphoid and lunate; distal articulations with metacarpal III
hamate
medial of distal row; has hook-shaped structure called hamulus of the hamate; proximal articulations with metacarpals IV and V and a lateral articulation with capitate
hamate
proximal articulation with triquetrium and lunate; distal articulation with metacarpals IV and V; lateral articulation with capitate
metacarpals
(on hand); numbered I-V beginning with the pollex
metacarpals
numbered 1-5 beginning with pollex
Metacarpals
numbered I-V
thumb= I (pollex)
phalanges
named proximal, middle, and distal ___; each finger has 3, except the thumb which only has 2 (proximal and distal)
phalanges
proximal middle and distal. pollex only has proximal and distal
Phalanges
Proximal, Middle, Distal phalanx
Thumb: Proximal & Distal
Thumb: Proximal & Distal
phalanges
-14 comprise the toes
-proximal, middle, & distal phalanges
-hallux only has proximal & distal phalanx
laterally facing structures found on the R and L sides of cervical, thoracic, & lumbar vertebrae
transverse processes
? articulate with the adjacent vertebrae above
superior articular facets
? articulate with the adjacent vertebra below
inferior articular facets
is the pointed portion of the vertebra located at the posterior midline
spinous process
? and ? are the bony projections on each side of a vertebra adjacent to the articular facets
superior articular processes & inferior articular processes
central portion of a vertebra
body
is made up fo laminae and pedicles on each vertebra
vertebral arch
broad, flat portion of the vertebra leading to the spinous process
laminae
form pillars between the body & the lamina of vertebrae
R and L pedicles
the opening encircled by the vertebral arch of each vertebra
vertebral foramen
formed by the intact vertebral column by the superimposition of all vertebral foramina
vertebral canal
is protected within the vertebral canal
spinal cord
human body has ? vertebrae
26
How many vertebrae does the human body have?
26
- 7 cervical
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- sacral
- 3-5 coccygeal
vertebrae form the neck region
cervical
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
cervical vertebrae
7 vertebrae in the neck region
C-1 through C-7
(Atlas = C1 Axis = C2)
form neck region.
(Atlas = C1 Axis = C2)
form neck region.
C1 is called ?
atlas
The atlas has no ?
body
atlas
C1. no body. anterior and posterior tubercles. superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles of occipital bone. (nodding the head) inferior articular facets articulate with SAF of axis vertebra
Atlas
C1
-does not have a body
-anterior & posterior tubercles
-superior articular facets: articulates with occipital condyles of the occipital bone: allows nodding of the head
-inferior articular facets: articulates with the superior articular facets of the axis
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
thoracic vertebrae
12. most have articular surfaces for ribs.
Thoracic Vertebrae
T1-T12 <3
-Body has superior/inferior costal facets
-Head of rib articulation
-Except T10-12, only one facet for respective rib
-Long sharp spinous processes point inferiorly
-Circular vertebral foramen
-Transverse costal facets
-Tubercle of rib articulation (except T11/12)
"giraffe"
"giraffe"
thoracic vertebrae
posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity
Most thoracic vertebrae articulate with ?
ribs
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
lumbar vertebrae
5. no articular sites for ribs. lower back region
Lumbar Vertebrae
"moose"
lumbar do not have articular sites for ?
ribs
C2 - C6 have a ?
bifurcated spinous process
T1-T10 have a ? that articulates with the tubercle of a rib
transverse costal facet
sacral vertebrae fuse to form the ?
sacrum
the sacrum articulates with the ?
ilium of each coxal bone
? form the tail bone
coccygeal vertebrae 3-5
the opening formed between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae through which the spinal nerves exit
intervertebral foramen
cartilaginous cushions between each vertebrae
intervertebral discs
primary and secondary curvatures of the spine
PRIMARY- thoracic, sacral
SECONDARY- cervical, lumbar
? curvatures form several months after birth & help distribute weight over the feet
secondary
the atlas has ? & ? tubercles
anterior & posterior
The ? of the atlas articulate with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone & allow the head to ?
superior articular facets; nod up & down
The ? of the atlas articulate with the superior articular facets of the axis
inferior articular facets
axis
C2
axis
C2. dens points superiorly. articulation with atlas allows side to side head movement
Axis
C2
-dens of the axis: tooth shaped structure above vertebral body
-fusion of body of atlas and body of axis = dens
-articulation of the dens wth atlas allows side-to-side movement of the head.
The ? of the axis is a tooth-shaped structure that points superiorly
dens or odontoid process
dens of the axis is formed by the fusion of ? and ?
the body of the atlas & the body of the axis
What is special about the articulation of the dens of the axis with the atlas?
it allows you to turn your head side to side
C vertebrae have ? within their transverse processes to allow the passage of paired ? & ?
transverse foramina; vertebral arteries & veins
C7 is known as the ? because it has a long, prominent ?
vertebra prominens; spinous process
_____of the thoracic vertebrae are slender, point inferiorly, and overlap in some areas?
spinous processes
? of T1-T10 have articular facets for articulation with tubercles of the ribs
transverse processes
? of thoracic vertebrae have ? or ? for articulation with the head of the ribs
bodies; facets or demifacets
? helps distinguish thoracic vertebrae from lumbar vertebrae
superior articular facets pointing posteriorly
? are located on the body & transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae & are articulation sites for the ? & ? of the ribs
transverse costal facets; head & tubercles
lumbar vertebrae spinous processes are ? & point ?
large, blunt & robust; directly posterior
lumbar transverse processes are ?
thick & heavy
lumbar bodies are
large & sturdy
lumbar superior articular facets point ? to help distinguish them from ? vertebrae
medially; thoracic
? sacral vertebrae unite to form the ?
5; sacrum
? passes through the sacrum from superior to inferior & allows the ? to pass through it
sacral canal; spinal cord
openings through the body of the sacrum that allow ? to exit
sacral foramina; spinal nerves
formed from the union of the transverse processes of the first sacral vertebra
ala
? surfaces of the ala articulate with the ilium of the ? bone
lateral ; coxal
coccygeal vertebrae ? develop as separate vertebrae but fuse into one between the ages of ?
3-5; 20 & 30
coccygeal vertebrae are located inferior to the ?
sacrum
The thoracic cage is made up of the ? & the ?
ribs and sternum
we have how many ribs?
12 sets or 24
ribs ? are true ribs because they ?
1-7; articulate directly with the body of the sternum via costal cartilage
ribs ? are false ribs because they ?
8-10; articulate indirectly with the body of the sternum via costal cartilage
true ribs
articulate directly with the body of the sternum
false ribs
articulate indirectly with body of sternum via costal cartilage
Ribs
articulates with Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs 1-7
-True Ribs
-articulate /directly/ with body of sternum via costal cartilage
The ? of the sternum articulates at its ? surface with the clavicle to form the ?
superolateral; sternoclavicular joint
The ? of the sternum has articulations with the ? of ribs
body; costal cartilage
The body of the sternum also articulates with the inferior end of the ? and the superior surface of the ?
manubrium; xiphoid process
what is the pointed inferior end of the sternum
xiphoid process
articulates with the inferior end of the body of the sternum
xiphoid process
? of a rib articulates with the demifacets of the body of ? vertebrae
head; thoracic
? of a rib articulate with transverse processes of the 10 superior ? vertebrae
tubercles; thoracic
ribs ? are floating ribs that ?
11-12; do not articulate with the sternum
shallow depression on the superior, lateral side of the scapula
glenoid cavity
the glenoid cavity of the scapula is the articular site for the ?
head of the humerus
is a synovial ball-and-socet joint formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
glenohumeral joint
beak-shaped projection of the scapula located superiorly & anteriorly to the glenoid cavity
coracoid process
bony ridge running diagonally along the posterior side of the scapula
spine of the scapula
lateral, expanded end of the spine of the scapula
acromion process of the scapula
? forms the lateral-most extremity of the scapula
acromion process of the scapula
? of the scapula faces the vertebral column
medial border
a depression located above the spine of the scapula
supraspinous fossa
depression located below the spine of the scapula
infraspinous fossa
The clavicle articulates with the ? of the sternum at its ? or ? end forming the ?
manubrium; medial or proximal; sternoclavicular joint
The clavicle articulates with the ? of the scapula at its ? or ? end forming the ?
acromion process; lateral or distal; acromioclavicular joint
The ? is the region located between the elbow and the shoulder
arm
large rounded structure at proximal end of humerus
head of the humerus
what is the raised area at the proximal end of the humerus ?
greater tubercle
small raised area near greater tubercle at proximal end of humerus
lesser tubercle of the humerus
attachment site for many muscles located between the greater & lesser tubercles of the humerus
intertubercular groove of the humerus
rough, raised area along the diaphysis of the humerus
deltiod tuberosity of the humerus
depression at distal end & posterior surface of the humerus
olecranon fossa
The ? of the humerus forms a hinge with the ? of the ulna
olecranon fossa; olecranon process
small depression at the distal end & anterior surface of the humerus
coronoid fossa
The coronoid fossa of the humerus articulates with the ?
coronoid process of the ulna
the ___ articulates at the coronoid fossa of the humerus
coronoid process of the ulna;
anterior
pulley-shaped structure at distal, posterior surface of the humerus that articulates with the ? of the ulna
trochlea of the humerus; trochlear notch of the ulna
rounded structure on lateral distal end of humerus that articulates with the ?
capitulum of the humerus; head of the radius
? are located just superior to the capitulum and trochlea of the humerus
medial & lateral epicondyles
medial bone of the forearm
ulna
region betwee n the elbow & wrist
forearm
U-shaped depression at proximal end of the ulna that articulates with the ? of the humerus forming the ?
trochlear notch of the ulna; trochlea; humeroulnar joint
The humeroulnar joint is a ? joint
synovial hinge-type joint
humeroulnar joint
formed by trochlea and trochlear notch
forms the point of the elbow on the posterior surface at the proximal end of the ulna
olecranon
tip of the olecranon on proximal end of the ulna that articulates with the ? of the humerus
olecranon process of the ulna; olecranon fossa
? of the ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus
coronoid process of the ulna
small depression at proximal end of the ulna where the ? of the radius articulates
radial notch; head of the radius
pointed structure at the distal end of the ulna
ulnar styloid process
? is located at the distal end of the ulna just proximal to the styloid process
head of the ulna
lateral bone of the forearm
radius
roughened, raised area at proximal end of the radius
radial tuberosity
pointed structure at distal end of the radius
styloid process of the radius
rounded structure at proximal end of the radius that articulates with the ? of the humerus & the ? of the ulna
head of the radius; capitulum of the humerus; radial notch of the ulna
? is ? types of joint located between the head of the radius & and radial notch of the ulna
radioulnar joint; synovial pivot-type joint
most lateral of carpal bones when hand is in anatomical position; articulates with the ? & ? to form the wrist joint
scaphoid; distal radius & lunate
located medial to the scaphoid & articulates with the ?, ?, ?, and ?
distal radius, triquetrum, hamate, capitate
located medial to the lunate; has articulations with ? & ?
triquetrum; hamate & pisiform
located at base of palm on medial side
pisiform
only articulates with the triquetrum
pisiform
articulates with the scaphoid & hamate & distal articulations with metacarpals II and I
trapezium
lies between the trapezium and capitate
& distal articulation with metacarpal II
trapezoid
located between trapezium & hamate; distal articulations with metacarpal III & proximal articulations scaphoid & lunate
capitate
most medial carpal of distal row; proximal articulations with triquetrum & lunate & distal articulations with metacarpals IV & V & lateral articulation with capitate
hamate
hook-shaped structure of hamate
hamulus of the hamate
the thumb has ? phalanges
2- proximal & distal
The 3 regions of the coxal bones are formed by the fusion of the ? at the ?
ilium, ischium, & pubis; acetabulum
articulation site for the ? of the femur that is a cup-like depression on the lateral side of each coxal bone
acetabulum
ridge along the superior edge of the ilium
iliac crest
bony prominence that forms the anterior-inferior boundary of the iliac crest
anterior-superior iliac spine
bony prominence located just inferior to the anterior-superior iliac spine
anterior-inferior iliac spine
forms the posterior-inferior boundary of iliac crest
posterior superior iliac spine
bony projection located inferior to the posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
groove located below the posterior inferior iliac spine through which ? pass from the hip into the thigh
greater sciatic notch; sciatic nerve
rough area on inferior surface of ischium that is the attachment site for ?
ischial tuberosity; hamstring muscles
large, oval opening in coxal bone formed by parts of the ? & ? through which ? & ? leave and enter the thigh from the pelvis
obturator foramen; ischium & pubis; blood vessels & nerves
articular surface for the pubis symphysis and an attachment site for several thigh muscles
pubis
formed by the articulation of the sacrum with the ilium on either side of the body
sacroiliac joint
sacroiliac joint is important in ? & is ?
weight bearing; cartilaginous & synovial
longest & strongest bone in the body
femur
rounded prominence at proximal end of femur that articulates with the ?
head of the femur; acetabulum
narrowed portion of femur that joins the head with the diaphysis
neck of the femur
large, rough raised area at proximal & most lateral end of femur
greater trochanter
smaller bony prominence located just posterior & inferior to greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
smooth surfaces at the distal end of the femur that articulate with the ? of the tibia
medial & lateral condyles; condyles
rough areas above the condyles of the femur
medial & lateral epicondyles
prominent ridge along posterior surface of the femur
linea aspera
small, rough structure located lateral to the lesser trochanter & inferior to the greater trochanter
gluteal tuberosity
slides along the ? surface of the femur located between the condyles of the femur
patella; patellar
The patella is a ? bone
seasmoid
region located between the hip and the knee
thigh
the larger of the 2 bones of the leg that articulates with the ? femur
tibia; distal
region between the knee and the ankle
leg
bony prominence on the anterior surface & proximal end of the tibia
tibial tuberosity
articulate with the condyles of the femur
medial & lateral condyles of the tibia
structure on medial and distal side of tibia that forms the "inner ankle"
medial malleolus
smaller of the 2 bones of the leg located lateral to the tibia
fibula
structure on the distal end of the fibula that forms the outer ankle
lateral malleolus
articulates with the proximal end of the tibia
head of the fibula
? bones make up the ankle
7 tarsal
great toe
hallux
sural
calf region
anterior surface of knee
patellar
anterior surface of elbow
antecubital
posterior surface of elbow region
olecranal
coxal
hip region
calcaneal
heel region
calcaneous
heel
calcaneous
articulates inferior to talus. calcaneal tendon attaches at posterior surface of calcaneous
separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity, enclosed by the chest wall, & an inferior abdominopelvic cavity, enclosed by the abdominal wall & pelvis
diaphragm
contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, & reproductive systems
ventral body cavity or coelom
thoracic cavity is subdivided into
1. r and l pleural cavities
2. mediastinum - houses the pericardial cavity
thoracic cavity contains
lungs & heart, associated organs of respiratory, cardiovascular, & lymphoid systems, thymus, & inferior portions of the esophagus
separates the left & right pleural cavities
mediastinum
mediastinum contains
trachea, esophagus, & major vessels, & pericardial cavity that contains the heart
mediastinum
-area b/w the right and left lung
-structures found here are the heart and great vessels
Mediastinum
area between right and left lung, which is bounded laterally by the lungs, anteriorly by the sternum, posteriorly by the thoracic vertebrae and inferiorly by the diaphragm.
abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into
superior abdominal cavity & inferior pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity contains
liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, & most of the large intestine
pelvic cavity contains
last segments of large intestine, bladder, reproductive organs, (uterus & prostate)
dorsal body cavity contains
brain & spinal cord
9 abdominopelvic regions
right & left hypochondriac, R & L lumbar, R & L inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, & hypogastric region
Right upper quadrant contains
right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small & large intestine
left upper quadrant contains
left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
right lower quadrant contains
cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs, & right ureter, right ovary or right spermatic cord
left lower quadrant contains
most of small intestines, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs, left ovary or left spermatic cord
epigastric region contains
medial portion or left lobe of liver & stomach
hypogastric region contains
bladder, appendix, small intestines
left hypochondriac region contains
spleen & lateral part of stomach & stomach fundus
umbilical region contains
gallbladder, transverse colon, small intestine
pancreas functions in what 2 systems
digestive & endocrine
testes & ovaries function in what 2 systems
reproductive & endocrine
for visualizing bones & locating abnormally dense structures
x-ray
new form of 3D imaging; x-ray rotates around the patient- higher quality images; less radiation exposure; 3D images are a big benefit
spiral CT scan
ascertaining the age of a developing fetus; checking for gallstones; uses high-frequency sound & picks up echos to create the image
ultrasound (sonography)
produces high-contrast images of soft tissues; does not use radiation; bones invisible; distinguishes body tissues based on differences in water content; magnetic field affects protons within atoms
MRI
provides unobstructed view of small arteries; images of vessels are taken b4 & after injection of a contract medium; used to identify blockages of arteries
digital subtraction angiography
right hypochondriac region contains
right lobe of liver & liver fundus
right lumbar region contains
ascending colon
Lumbar Region
of the lower back
left lumbar region contains
descending colon
right inguinal region contains
cecum & appendix
Inguinal Region
of the groin
left inguinal region contains
sigmoid colon
notocord
stiffened rod below spinal cord; replaced by vertebrae
segmental blocks forming muscles, vertebrae, etc.
somites
4 elements that make up 99% of the body
H, O, C, & N
major classes of compounds in the body
water, carbs, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids
trace elements
silicon, fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium, chromium, tin, aluminum, & boron
humans are composed of ? organ systems
11
what 2 systems are closely tied?
nervous & endocrine
system that directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems; glands without ducts
endocrine system
organs in the endocrine system
pineal gland, pituitary, parathyroid gland, thyroid, thymus, suprarenal gland, pancreas, ovary, & testes
parts of lymphoid system
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
pharynx is part of what 2 systems
respiratory & digestive
bucca
cheek
frons
forehead
oris
mouth
mentis
chin
cervicis
neck
facies
face
dorsum
back
crus
leg
peritoneal cavity contains
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.
parietal membrane lines
cavity; nearest the wall of body farthest from the organs
visceral cavity lines