Anatomy 115 > Hendon > Flashcards > ANAT 115 Study Guide (2013-14 Hendon)

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Anatomical Position

Palms facing forward, legs shoulder width apart

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Dorsal/
Posterior

Toward back

Ventral/
Anterior

Toward the front

Prone

chest down, back up;face down

prone

lying face down in anatomical position

Supine

back down, chest up; face up

supine

lying face up in anatomical position

Plantar

Toward feet

plantar

sole of the foot

Palmar

palm up

palmar

palm of the hand

Superficial

close to the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Superior

Above; at a higher level (toward the head)

Inferior

Below; at lower level (toward the feet)

Proximal

closer to the body; toward an attached base

Distal

Away from the body

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

Away from the head (toward the tail)

Median Plane Cut

section that passes along midline and divides body into left and right

Sagittal Plane Cut

divided into left and right (equal parts)

Frontal/
Coronal Plane Cut

divided into front and back

Transverse/
Horizontal Plane Cut

divided into top and bottom

Oblique Plane Cut

any plane not parallel to other planes

Parasaggital Plane Cut

divided into left and right (unequal parts)

Axillary

of the axilla or armpit

axillary

armpit region

Brachial

of the upper arm

Capitis

of the head

Carpal

of the wrist

Cervical

of the neck

Clavicular

of the clavicle

Cutaneous

of the skin or near the skin

Femoral

of the thigh

Gluteal

of the buttocks area

Iliac

of the upper pelvic region

Inguinal

of the groin

Lumbar

of the lower back region

Pectoral

of the front of the chest

Pelvic

of the lowest area of the torso

Popliteal

of the back of the knee

Tarsal

of the ankle

Thoracic

of the chest

Epiphysis

the end of a long bone

epiphysis

ends of long bones; filled with red marrow & cancellous (spongy) bone

Epiphyseal Line

line marking epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage plate in metaphysis at end of a long bone)

epiphyseal line

growth plate of long bone

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

shaft or hollow middle of long bone

Compact Bone

dense bone containing parallel osteons

compact bone

tightly packed bone tissue located in the diaphysis

Medullary Cavity

space within a bone that contains bone marrow

medullary cavity

hollow cavity of long bone

Yellow Marrow

tissue that fills internal cavities in a bone (dominated by adipose tissue)

yellow marrow

found in the medullary cavity of long bone

Cancellous Bone (spongy)

trabecular bone; composed of a network of bony struts

Red Bone Marrow

Tissue that fills internal cavities of bone (dominated with hemopoietic cells)

red bone marrow

found in epiphyses; site of RBC production

Periosteum

layer that surrounds a bone consisting of outer fibrous and inner cellular region

periosteum

covers bone & encourages bone growth & repair

Nutrient Foramen

holes in bone for vessels and nerves

nutrient foramen

small hole in shaft for blood & lymph vessels

Fibrous Joint (structural)

Example: connective tissue
Immovable
Synarthrotic

Cartilaginous Joint (Structural)

Example: cartilage
Partially moveable
Amphiarthrotic

Synovial Joint (Structural)

Example: Elbow/Knee
Most Moveable
Diarthrotic

Synarthroses (Functional)

separated by fibrous tissue
Example: line between bones in skull
Immovable

Amphiarthroses

Connected with hyaline cartilage
Example: ribs connect to sternum
Slightly Movable

Diarthroses (Functional)

Surrounded by joint capsule
Example: knees
Freely Movable

Ball-and-socket Joint Example

Shoulder

ball & socket joints

triaxial joints

i.e. hip & shoulder

Hinge Joint Example

finger joints (moves in one plane)

hinge joints

flexion & extension

Pivot Joint Example

turning wrists

pivot joints

rotational movements; between C1 & C2 to shake head side to side

Plane Joint Example

wrists/ankles

Condyloid Joint Example

ligaments of wrist/metacarpophalangeal joints

Saddle Joint Example

ligaments of wrist/carpo/metacarpal joint (opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex)

Alveolus

a small, saclike dilation (tooth sockets in alveolar region of maxilla and mandible)

alveolus

small, saclike dilation (i.e. alveolar region of maxilla & mandibles)

Canal

a long tube-like passage through a bone that is an opening for veins, arteries, or nerves

canal

long, tubelike passage through bone that is an opening for veins, arteries, & nerves

Fissure

a slit-shaped opening or separation between two bones for the passage of veins, arteries, and neves

fissure

slit-shaped opening or separation between two bones for passage of veins, arteries, & nerves

Foramen

a hole passing through a bone for the passage of blood vessels or nerves

Fossa

a shallow depression or cavity (the glenoid fossa is a shallow depression in the scapula)

fossa

shallow depression or cavity; i.e. glenoid fossa of scapula where clavicle articulates

Lamina

a flattened area of bone, such as the lamina of vertebrae

lamina

flattened area of the bone

lamina

flat portion leading to spinous process

lamina

broad, flat portion leading to the spinous process

Meatus

a pipe-shaped or tube-like opening, such as the external auditory meatus

meatus

pipe-shaped or tube-like opening

Sinus

a cavity within a bone

Sulcus

a groove or deep depression between two areas of the same bone

Capitulum

a small head or eminence on a bone

capitulum

rounded structure on lateral side of distal end of humerus; articulates with head of the radius

Capitulum

small head/eminence on a bone ("cap it" refers to head)

capitulum

round; lateral distal end; articulates with head of radius

capitulum

-next to trochlea

-articulates w/ head of the radius

Condyle

a rounded prominence at the end of a bone

Epicondyle

a condyle above or on another condyle

Head

a round projection beyond the neck of a bone

head

rounded projection beyond neck of bone

Malleolus

a process shaped like a small hammerhead (medial malleolus of the tibia)

malleolus

process shaped like a hammerhead

Olecranon

the "head" of the bone at the elbow

olecranon

forms point of elbow on the posterior surface of the proximal ulna

olecranon

point of elbow; posterior proximal end

olecranon

back of the elbow

olecranon

point of elbow

Process

a projection from, or a bump on a bone

Trochlea

a process shaped like a pulley

trochlea

process shaped like a pulley; i.e. trochlea of the humerus

trochlea

pulley-shaped structure located at distal humerus that articulates with troclear notch of ulna; forms part of hinge at elbow

trochlea

pulley shaped; distal and posterior; articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

trochlea

-pulley-shaped structure

-articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

-forms part of the hinge joint at the elbow

Crest

a rough, bony ridge, such as the iliac crest

Line

a prominent ridge along the diaphysis of a bone

line

prominent ridge along diaphysis of bone (linea aspera of the femur)

Line

prominent ridge along the diaphysis of a bone, such as the line aspera

Spine

a sharp projection or prominent ridge on a bone

spine

sharp projection or prominent ridge on a bone (spine of the scapula)

Trochanter

a large, roughened raised or enlarged area of a bone

trochanter

large, roughened raised or enlarged area of a bone (greater trochanter of the femur)

Trochanter

large, roughened, raised, or enlarged area of a bone, such as the greater trochanter

Tubercle

a rounded enlargement, but smaller and smoother than a trochanter

Tubercle

rounded enlargement, but smaller/smoother than a trochanter, such as the lesser tubercle of the humerus

Tuberosity

a rough, enlarged area

tuberosity

rough, enlarged area (ischial tuberosity)

abduction

to move away

adduction

to move towards

thigh

top half of leg

leg

bottom half of leg; calf region

median/midsagittal

cut right down the middle dividing body into equal L and R halves

Sagittal

section divides the body into right and left portions

coronal (frontal)

section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

horizontal/transverse

divides body into cross sections; separates superior from inferior

oblique

to cut at an angle

Parasagittal

parallel to midsagittal plane, separates the body into R and L portions of unequal size

5 types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular, and seasmoid

cancellous bone

spongy bone found in epiphyses, ribs, & most irregular bones; blood vessels run through it; designed to bear stress

3 joint structures

1. fibrous

2. cartilaginous

3. synovial

3 joint functions

1. synarthroses (immovable)

2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

3. diathroses (freely movable)

fontanels changing to skull sutures

fibrous joints that are synarthroses or immovable

part of the ribs & intervertebral discs are an example of

cartilaginous joints that are amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

humerus & scapula joint are

synovial & diarthroses (freely movable)

synovial joint characteristics

1. synovial membrane

2. synovial cavity

3. articular cartilage

4. fibrous capsule

5. tendons to support externally

6. ligaments to support externally & internally

SLAFTS!

6 characteristics of synovial joints

1. joint capsule

2. articular cartilages

3. joint cavity with synovial fluid

4. synovial membrane

5. accessory structures (cartilage,tendons, ligaments)

6. sensory nerves & blood vessels

6 subtypes of synovial joints

1. ball & socket- humeroscapular joint

2. hinge - elbow joint

3. pivot - wrist

4. plane - interphalangeal joints of the fingers.

5. condyloid- metacarpophalangeal joint

6. saddle- thumb

How many bones are in the entire body?

206 bones

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126; bones of the upper & lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, & the pelvic girdle

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.

How Many Bones In the Axial Skeleton?

-80

-Examples: skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

How many bones are in the axial skeleton and what are they?

8 bones. They include the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.

pectoral girdle

framework to which upper limbs attach & consists of the scapula & clavicle

Pectoral girdle

Framework to which the upper limbs attach and is made up of the scapulae and clavicles.

pectoral girdle

upper limbs attached to axial skeleton by this

pelvic girdle

framework to which lower limbs attach & consists of the 2 coxal bones

Pelvic girdle

Provides the framework to which the lower limbs are attached and is made up of the two coxal bones.

pelvic girdle

lower limbs attached by this

the pelvic girdle

2 coxal bones formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. fuse at acetabulum (cup like depression and site of articulation for head of femur)

pelvic girdle

-composed of the two coxal bones

The skull is formed from ? & ? bones

cranial & facial

3 sections of cranial cavity

1. anterior cranial fossa - formed by frontal & sphenoid bones

2. middle cranial fossa - formed by sphenoid & temporal bones

3. posterior cranial fossa- formed by occipital bone

4 skull sutures

1. coronal suture- separates frontal & two parietal bones

2. sagittal suture - separates 2 parietal bones from each other

3. lambdoidal suture- separates occipital & 2 parietal bones

4. squamosal suture- separates each temporal bone from adjacent parietal bone

frontal bone forms the ? & ? externally

forehead & superior region of orbital fossa

frontal bone forms & internally

anterior part of anterior cranial fossa

frontal bone articulates with

ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, nasal, & parietal bones

The frontal bone has articulations with the _____ and the ______ as well as the ______, _______.

ethmoid bone and the sphenoid bone as well as the zygomatic, nasal and parietal bones

supraorbital margins

region of frontal bone that are ridges at the superior region of the orbits

Supraorbital margins

Ridges at the superior region of the orbins

supraorbital margins

ridges at superior region of the orbits -- eyebrows

supraorbital margins

ridges at the superior region of the orbits

frontal sinuses

cavities in the frontal bone located between the 2 supraorbital regions

Frontal sinuses

The cavities within the frontal bone between the two supraorbital regions

frontal sinuses

cavities within the frontal bone

supraorbital foramen

tiny opening within each supraorbital region for the passage of nerves & blood vessels

supraorbital foramen

tiny openings above the eye sockets -- passage for nerves and blood vessels

supraorbital foramen

small opening within each supraorbital region for passage of nerves and blood vessels

meningeal grooves

indentations for the passage of meningeal arteries located in the internal surface of the frontal bone

Meningeal grooves

Indentations for the passage of meningeal arteries, which pass through the dura mater. On the internal surface of the frontal bone.

meningeal grooves

internal surface of frontal bone. indentations for the passage of the meningeal arteries

occipital bone forms the

posterior & inferior portion of the skull

Foramen Magnum

Large opening at the inferior portion (base) of the Occipital Bone, through which the brainstem passes

Foramen magnum

The large opening in the inferior portion of the occiptal bone through which the brainstem passes. The brainstem passes through the foramen magnum at the level of its junction with the spinal chord.

foramen magnum

brainstem passes through, with spinal cord

foramen magnum

large opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone. brainstem passes through

occipital condyles

smooth bumps located laterally to the foramen magnum; articulate with the concave facets of the atlas (C1) to allow nodding of the head

occipital condyles

located laterally to either side of the foramen magnum --- concave facets of atlas articulates here

occipital condyles

smooth bumps on each side of foramen magnum. articulates with SAF of atlas

jugular foramina

small, oval openings formed along the suture btwn. occipital & temporal bone; allows passage of internal jugular veins & cranial nerves IX, X, & XI

jugular foramina

openings for the passage of the internal jugular veins & CN (IX, X, XI)

jugular foramina

openings along suture between occipital and temporal bone. passage of internal jugular veins 9, 10, 11

hypoglossal canal

small openings in occipital bone just above each occipital condyle; allows passage of hypoglassal nerve or cranial nerve XII

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2 little holes under occipital condyles
hypoglossal nerve CN XII

hypoglossal canal

opening that passes through the occipital bone above each condyle. cranial nerve 12 passes through

hypoglossal canal

location for CN XII

basioccipital

thick region of occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum where occipital bones articulates with sphenoid bone

basioccipital

thick region of occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum ; where occipital articulates with the sphenoid bone

sphenoid bone forms ? & ? of the cranium

part of the floor & the lateral walls

the greater wings of the ? bone articulate with the ? & ?

sphenoid bone; frontal bone & parietal bone on each side of the skull

a portion of the greater wings of the ? forms the ?

sphenoid bone; posterior portion of the eye orbits

lesser wings of the ? bone are located ? to the greater wings

sphenoid; medial

the ? pass through the lesser wings

optic canals

the lesser wings form the ?

superior portion of the superior orbital fissures

? pass through the optic canals

optic nerves

optic nerves cross at the ?

optic chiasm

superior orbital fissures

diagonal slits located lateral to the optic canals; borders formed by the lesser & greater wings of the sphenoid bone

superior orbital fissure

diagonol slits; lesser and greater wings form the borders. Passageway for blood vessels and CN (III, IV, VI)

superior orbital fissures

diagonal slits located lateral to the optic canals. passage for blood vessels and cranial nerves 3, 4, 6

Superior orbital fissure

location of CNs III, IV, VI

superior orbital fissures are passageways for

blood vessels & cranial nerves III, IV, & VI

cranial nerves II, IV, & VI are responsible for

eye movement

body of sphenoid

central portion located medial & inferior to greater wings; contains sphenoid sinuses

sella turica

deep depression in superior portion of body of sphenoid; houses the pituitary

foramen rotundum

small opening located in medial region of greater wing; opening for passage of branch of cranial nerve V

foramen rotundum

inferior to superior orbital fissure; Opening for the passafe of a branch of CN V

foramen rotundum

small opening located within the medial region of the greater wings. passage for cranial nerve 5.

pterygoid plates

project from inferior surface of sphenoid; located behind upper 3rd molar in an articulated skull

pterygoid plates

project from the inferior surface. located behind the upper 3rd molar

? is the "keystone" bone of the skull bc it articulates with almost every skull bone including

sphenoid; frontal, ethmoid, occipital & parietal of the skull & maxillae, vomer, palatine, & zygomatic bones of face

ethmoid bone

located at midline; forms portion of anterior floor of cranium & roof of nasal cavity

Ethmoid bone

forms a portion of the anterior floor of the cranium & the roof of the nasal cavity

ethmoid bone

located at the midline and forms a portion of the anterior floor and the roof of nasal cavity

crista galli

pointed structure on superior surface of ethmoid; portion of dura mater attaches here

Crista galli

A portion of the dura mater attaches here

crista galli

pointed structure on superior surface of ethmoid bone. dura mater attaches here

cribiform plate

region of porous bone on either side of crista galli; olfactory nerves (cranial nerves I) pass through here

cribiform plate

location of CN I

perpendicular plate

vertical portion of ethmoid located at midline; forms superior part of nasal septum

Perpendicular plate

located at the midline of the bone. Forms the superior part of the bony nasal septum

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bony, scroll-shaped structures extending into the nasal cavity; superior closest to the perpendicular plate

Superior & Middle nasal conchae

bony scroll-shaped structure extending into the nasal cavity.

ethmoid sinuses

ethmoid cells; small cavities in ethmoid bone

Ethmoid sinuses

small cavities within the ethmoid bone

ethmoid sinuses

cavities within the ethmoid bone

lateral masses

located lateral to the nasal conchae; form medial portion of orbit

Lateral masses

lateral to the nasal conchae. lateral masses form the medial portio of the orbit

temporal bone forms ?

part of the lateral walls & floor of the cranium

mastoid process of the temporal bone

large, blunt process posterior & inferior to external ear; attachment site for sternocleidomastoid muscle

mastoid process of the temporal bone

attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle

styloid process

anterior to mastoid process; connected to hyoid bone by ligaments & tendons

styloid process

located anterior to the mastoid process; tendons and ligaments connect this structure with the hyoid bone

petrous part of temporal bone

bony ridge that forms part of floor of cranium

petrous part of temporal bone contains

auditory ossicles & structures of inner ear

external acoustic meatus

opening for ear canal; anterior & superior to mastoid process

carotid canal of temporal bone

passageway for internal carotid artery; opens anterior to jugular foramen

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone; anterior to external auditory meatus

temporal process of zygomatic bone

articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

meets with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

zygomatic process of temporal bone

meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. anterior to external acoustic meatus

mandibular fossa

depression on proximal, inferior surface of zygomatic process of temporal bone; articular site for condylar process of the mandible = temperomandibular joint - hinge joint

mandibular fossa

depression on the proximal inferior surfaces of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. articular site for the condylar process of the mandible (mandibular condyle)

mandibular fossa

depression on proximal inferior surface of zygomatic process of temporal bone. articular site for the condylar process of mandible.

internal acoustic meatus

located on the medial surface of the petrous part of temporal bone; passageway for cranial nerves VII & VIII

internal acoustic meatus

passageway for CN VII and VIII

internal acoustic meatus

located on medial surface of petrous part of temporal bone. passageway for cranial nerves 7 and 8

internal acoustic meatus

location for CNs VII & VIII

parietal bone forms the ? & ?

lateral walls & roof of cranium

each parietal bone articulates with the ? bones

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, & temporal

vomer

articulates with perpendicular plate of ethmoid to form the posterior, inferior portion of bony nasal septum

vomer

articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone;
to form a portion of the bony nasal septum

vomer

articulates with the perpendicular plate. forms posterior inferior portion of the bony nasal septum

madible

lower jaw & only movable bone of the skull

condylar process

round knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form TMJ

condylar process

(mandibular condyle)
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone = temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

condylar process

round knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

coronoid process

anterior to condylar process; attachment site for temporalis muscle

coronoid process

articulates with coronoid fossa of humerus

coronoid process

anterior to the condylar process. site of attachment for temporal is muscle

alveolar region

tooth sockets

alveolar region

where the teeth go

alveolar region

area of the mandible that houses tooth sockets for the lower dentition

angle of the mandible

curves part of lower jaw

angle of the mandible

(mandibular angle)

curved part of the lower jaw

mental foramina

small openings on anterior surface of mandible for passage of blood vessels & nerves

mental foramina

small openings for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

? does not articulate with any bone directly

hyoid bone

hyoid bone is attached to the ?

styloid process of the temporal bone, inferior border of the mandible, & the maubrium of the sternum by tendons & ligaments

maxilla

2 bones that form the upper jaw & articualte @ midline between two front incisors; each forms part of hard palate & eye orbit

Maxillae (2)

"upper jaw"

forms parts of the orbit of the eye and hard palate

maxilla

two form the upper jaw. articulate with each other along the midline. forms part of orbit of the eye

frontal process of the maxilla

pointed structure that articulates with the frontal bone; forms part of the bridge of nose

frontal process of the maxilla

pointed structure that articulates with the frontal bone

palatine process of the maxilla

anterior portion of the hard palate; articulates with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

maxillary sinuses

cavities within the maxilla

palatine bones form

posterior portion of hard palate & portion of orbit

zygomatic bones form

lateral wall & part of floor of eye orbits

zygomatic arch

formed by union of zygomatic process of temporal bone & temporal process of zygomatic bone = cheekbone

zygomatic arch

formed by the unior of the zygomatic process and temporal process -- "cheekbones"

zygomatic arch

formed by union of the zygomatic process of temporal and temporal process of zygomatic

frontal process of the zygomatic bone forms & articulates with

lateral wall of orbit; frontal bone

nasal bones form ? & articulate with ?>

bridge of nose; frontal bone & maxilla

lacrimal bones form ? & contain ?

portion of orbit; opening for nasolacrimal duct

nasolacrimal duct does what?

conducts tears from the orbit in to the nasal cavity

inferior nasal conchae not part of the ?

ethmoid bone

inferior nasal conchae connects to

walls of the maxilla

auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes; smallest bones in the body

Auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes

auditory ossicles

smallest bones in body. the malleus the incus and stapes are located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

auditory ossicles located within ?

petrous portion of the temporal bone

7 bones that form each orbital fossa

maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

other parts of the orbital fossa

optic canals, superior & inferior orbital fissures

inferior nasal concha is a ? attached to the ?

independent bone; wall of the maxilla

structures forming the nasal septum

1. perp. plate of ethmoid bone

2. vomer

3. septal cartilage

superior part of palatine process of maxilla

forms floor of nasal cavity

4 bones with sinuses

1. sphenoid

2. maxilla

3. frontal

4. ethmoid

paranasal sinuses are always named for ?

the skull bone in which they lie

6 fontanels

frontal, occipital, 2 sphenoid (temporal) & 2 mastoid (posterior lateral)

Fontanels

"soft spots"

-frontal, occipital, 2 sphenoid, and 2 mastoid fontanels.

The skeletal system is comprised of the...

Axial and appendicular skeleton

The skull is formed from bones of both ___ and ____ bones.

Cranial, facial

The cranium forms the ______ surrounding the delicate brain.

"brain case"

Openings within individual skull bones allow for

the passage of nerves and blood vessels

How many sections is the cranial cavity divided into and what are they?

three. They are the anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa, and the posterior cranial fossa.

What forms the anterior cranial fossa?

The frontal bone and part of the sphenoid bone

What forms the middle cranial fossa?

Part of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone

What forms the posterior cranial fossa?

The occipital bone

Skull bones come together at immovable joints called

Sutures

The coronal suture

Separates the frontal bone from the two parietal bones

coronal suture

separates frontal from the 2 parietal bones

The sagittal suture

separates the two parietal bones from each other

The lambdoidal suture

separates the occiptal bone from the two parietal bones

lambdoidal suture

separates the occipital from the two parietal bones

lambdoidal suture

separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones

The squamosal suture

separates each temporal bone from the adjacent parietal bone

squamosal suture

separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone

The frontal bone forms the forehead and the superior region of the

orbital fossa

Internally, the "floor" of the frontal bone forms the anterior part of the

anterior cranial fossa

The occiptal bone forms the ____ and _____ portion of the skull

Posterior, inferior

appendicular skeleton

composed of 126 bones and includes bones of upper and lower limbs

Appendicular Skeleton

All bones except the skull and spinal cord

scapula

forms part of pectoral girdle; triangle-shaped bone that serves as site of attachment for many muscles that move arms and pectoral girdle

scapula

triangle shaped; site of attachment for muscles that move the arm and pectoral girdle

glenoid cavity

shallow depression on superior, lateral side of scapula; articular site for head of humerus; glenohumeral joint is synovial ball & socket joint formed by ____ and head of humerus

glenoid cavity

depression; superior lateral side of scapula articulates with head of humerus

coracoid process

beak-shaped projection on scapula, located superiorly and anteriorly to glenoid cavity

coracoid process

beak shaped; superior and anterior to the glenoid cavity

Coracoid process

beak-shaped projection

spine of the scapula

bony ridge coursing diagonally along posterior surface of scapula

spine of scapula

coursing diagonal along posterior surface

spine of the scapula

bony ridge...diagonally along the posterior surface of the scapula

acromion process of the scapula

lateral, expanded end of the spine of scapula; forms lateral-most extremity of the scapula

acromion process of the scapula

forms the lateral most extremity of the scapula.

-lateral clavicle

medial border of scapula

faces vertebral column

medial border of the scapula

(vertebral border)
faces the vertebral column

supraspinous fossa

depression located above spine of scapula

supraspinous fossa

depression superior to the spine of the scapula

infraspinous fossa

depression located below spine of scapula

infraspinous fossa

depression inferior to the spine of the scapula

clavicle

articulates at its medial end with manubrium of sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint; at its lateral end ___ articulates with acromion process of scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint

clavicle

articulates at medial end with manubrium forming sternoclavicular joint, articulates at lateral end with acromion process of scapula forming acromioclavicular joint

humerus

single bone of the arm

head of humerus

large, rounded structure at proximal end of humerus; articulates with glenoid cavity fossa

head of humerus

rounded structure at proximal end

greater tubercle of humerus

raised area at proximal end of humerus

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Greater Tubercle of Humerus:

raised area on proximal end of humerus

lesser tubercle of humerus

small raised area near greater tubercle at proximal end of humerus

intertubercular groove of humerus

located between greater and lesser tubercles; attachment site for several muscles

intertubercular groove of the humerus

-in b/w greater and lesser tubercles

-site of attachment for several muscles

deltoid tuberosity

rough, raised area along midline of diaphysis of humerus

deltoid tuberosity

rough area along middle of diaphysis

deltoid tuberosity

rough, raised area along the middle of the diaphysis of the humerus

olecranon fossa of humerus

depression at distal end of the posterior surface of the humerus; forms a hingle with olecranon process of ulna

coranoid fossa

small depression at distal end of anterior surface of the humerus; articulates with coronoid process of ulna

medial and lateral epicondyles

located superior to capitulum and trochlea

medial & lateral epicondyles

superior to the capitulum and trochlea

medial/lateral epicondyle

above the condyles of the femur

ulna

medial bone of forearm

Ulna

-medial bone of the forarm

-several sites here serve as muscle attachment

trochlear notch of ulna

"U" shaped depression at proximal end of ulna; articulates with trochlea of humerus; humeroulnar joint is synovial hinge joint located between the trochlear of humerus and this

trochlear notch of the ulna

-"U" shaped depression at proximal end of ulna

-articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

olecranon process of the ulna

tip of olecranon, which is located at proximal end of ulna; articulates with coronoid fossa of humerus

olecranon process of the ulna

-tip of olecranon

-articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus

coronoid process of the ulna

small process that articulates with coronoid fossa of the humerus

coronoid process of the ulna

-articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus

radial notch

small depression on the proximal end of ulna; head of radius articulates here

radial notch

depression at proximal end of humerus; articulates with head of the radius

radial notch

- head of radius articulates at this site

-next to coronoid process

ulnar styloid process

pointed structure at distal end of ulna

head of ulna

located at distal end of ulna, just proximal to styloid process of ulna

head of ulna

distal end; proximal to styloid process

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distal end, next to styloid proces

radius

more lateral of two bones in forearm

radius

-most lateral of the two bones of the forearm

-serves as site for several muscles

radial tuberosity

roughened, raised area at proximal end of radius

radial tuberosity

rough raised area at proximal end

radial tuberosity

-roughended raised area at the proximal end of the radius

radial styloid process

pointed structure at distal end of radius

radial styloid process

pointed structure at distal end

head of radius

unded structure at proximal end of radius; articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna; radioulnar joint is synovial pivot-type joint located between ____ and radial notch of ulna

head of radius

round structure at proximal end; articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of the ulna

head of radius

-articulates with radial notch of the ulna & the capitulum of the humerus

scaphoid

most lateral of carpal bones when the hand is in anatomical position; articulates with distal radius and lunate to form the wrist joint

scaphoid

articulates with the distal radius and lunate to form wrist joint

lunate

located medial to scaphoid and articulates with distal radius; also articulates with triquetrum, haate and capitate

lunate

medial to scaphoid; articulates with distal radius and triquetrium hamate and capitate

triquetrum

located medial to lunate; articulates with pisiform and hamate

pisiform

located at base of palm on medial side; articulates with triquetrum and no other bones

pisiform

base of palm; articulates with only triquetrium

trapezium

articulates with scaphoid and trapezoid; has distal articulations with metacarpals I and II

trapezium

articulates with scaphoid and trapezoid; distal articulation with meta carpals II and I

trapezoid

lies btwn trapezium and capitate; distal articulations with metacarpal II

trapezoid

between trapezium and capitate; distal articulations with metacarpal II

capitate

btwn trapezoidal and hamate; proximal articulations with scaphoid and lunate and distal articulation with metacarpal III

capitate

between trapezoid and hamate; proximal articulations with scaphoid and lunate; distal articulations with metacarpal III

hamate

medial of distal row; has hook-shaped structure called hamulus of the hamate; proximal articulations with metacarpals IV and V and a lateral articulation with capitate

hamate

proximal articulation with triquetrium and lunate; distal articulation with metacarpals IV and V; lateral articulation with capitate

metacarpals

(on hand); numbered I-V beginning with the pollex

metacarpals

numbered 1-5 beginning with pollex

Metacarpals

numbered I-V

thumb= I (pollex)

phalanges

named proximal, middle, and distal ___; each finger has 3, except the thumb which only has 2 (proximal and distal)

phalanges

proximal middle and distal. pollex only has proximal and distal

Phalanges

Proximal, Middle, Distal phalanx
Thumb: Proximal & Distal

phalanges

-14 comprise the toes

-proximal, middle, & distal phalanges

-hallux only has proximal & distal phalanx

laterally facing structures found on the R and L sides of cervical, thoracic, & lumbar vertebrae

transverse processes

? articulate with the adjacent vertebrae above

superior articular facets

? articulate with the adjacent vertebra below

inferior articular facets

is the pointed portion of the vertebra located at the posterior midline

spinous process

? and ? are the bony projections on each side of a vertebra adjacent to the articular facets

superior articular processes & inferior articular processes

central portion of a vertebra

body

is made up fo laminae and pedicles on each vertebra

vertebral arch

broad, flat portion of the vertebra leading to the spinous process

laminae

form pillars between the body & the lamina of vertebrae

R and L pedicles

the opening encircled by the vertebral arch of each vertebra

vertebral foramen

formed by the intact vertebral column by the superimposition of all vertebral foramina

vertebral canal

is protected within the vertebral canal

spinal cord

human body has ? vertebrae

26

How many vertebrae does the human body have?

26
- 7 cervical

- 12 thoracic

- 5 lumbar

- sacral

- 3-5 coccygeal

vertebrae form the neck region

cervical

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae in the neck region

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C-1 through C-7
(Atlas = C1 Axis = C2)
form neck region.

C1 is called ?

atlas

The atlas has no ?

body

atlas

C1. no body. anterior and posterior tubercles. superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles of occipital bone. (nodding the head) inferior articular facets articulate with SAF of axis vertebra

Atlas

C1

-does not have a body

-anterior & posterior tubercles

-superior articular facets: articulates with occipital condyles of the occipital bone: allows nodding of the head

-inferior articular facets: articulates with the superior articular facets of the axis

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

thoracic vertebrae

12. most have articular surfaces for ribs.

Thoracic Vertebrae

T1-T12 <3

-Body has superior/inferior costal facets

-Head of rib articulation

-Except T10-12, only one facet for respective rib

-Long sharp spinous processes point inferiorly

-Circular vertebral foramen

-Transverse costal facets

-Tubercle of rib articulation (except T11/12)
"giraffe"

thoracic vertebrae

posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity

Most thoracic vertebrae articulate with ?

ribs

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

lumbar vertebrae

5. no articular sites for ribs. lower back region

Lumbar Vertebrae

"moose"

lumbar do not have articular sites for ?

ribs

C2 - C6 have a ?

bifurcated spinous process

T1-T10 have a ? that articulates with the tubercle of a rib

transverse costal facet

sacral vertebrae fuse to form the ?

sacrum

the sacrum articulates with the ?

ilium of each coxal bone

? form the tail bone

coccygeal vertebrae 3-5

the opening formed between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae through which the spinal nerves exit

intervertebral foramen

cartilaginous cushions between each vertebrae

intervertebral discs

primary and secondary curvatures of the spine

PRIMARY- thoracic, sacral

SECONDARY- cervical, lumbar

? curvatures form several months after birth & help distribute weight over the feet

secondary

the atlas has ? & ? tubercles

anterior & posterior

The ? of the atlas articulate with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone & allow the head to ?

superior articular facets; nod up & down

The ? of the atlas articulate with the superior articular facets of the axis

inferior articular facets

axis

C2

axis

C2. dens points superiorly. articulation with atlas allows side to side head movement

Axis

C2

-dens of the axis: tooth shaped structure above vertebral body

-fusion of body of atlas and body of axis = dens

-articulation of the dens wth atlas allows side-to-side movement of the head.

The ? of the axis is a tooth-shaped structure that points superiorly

dens or odontoid process

dens of the axis is formed by the fusion of ? and ?

the body of the atlas & the body of the axis

What is special about the articulation of the dens of the axis with the atlas?

it allows you to turn your head side to side

C vertebrae have ? within their transverse processes to allow the passage of paired ? & ?

transverse foramina; vertebral arteries & veins

C7 is known as the ? because it has a long, prominent ?

vertebra prominens; spinous process

_____of the thoracic vertebrae are slender, point inferiorly, and overlap in some areas?

spinous processes

? of T1-T10 have articular facets for articulation with tubercles of the ribs

transverse processes

? of thoracic vertebrae have ? or ? for articulation with the head of the ribs

bodies; facets or demifacets

? helps distinguish thoracic vertebrae from lumbar vertebrae

superior articular facets pointing posteriorly

? are located on the body & transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae & are articulation sites for the ? & ? of the ribs

transverse costal facets; head & tubercles

lumbar vertebrae spinous processes are ? & point ?

large, blunt & robust; directly posterior

lumbar transverse processes are ?

thick & heavy

lumbar bodies are

large & sturdy

lumbar superior articular facets point ? to help distinguish them from ? vertebrae

medially; thoracic

? sacral vertebrae unite to form the ?

5; sacrum

? passes through the sacrum from superior to inferior & allows the ? to pass through it

sacral canal; spinal cord

openings through the body of the sacrum that allow ? to exit

sacral foramina; spinal nerves

formed from the union of the transverse processes of the first sacral vertebra

ala

? surfaces of the ala articulate with the ilium of the ? bone

lateral ; coxal

coccygeal vertebrae ? develop as separate vertebrae but fuse into one between the ages of ?

3-5; 20 & 30

coccygeal vertebrae are located inferior to the ?

sacrum

The thoracic cage is made up of the ? & the ?

ribs and sternum

we have how many ribs?

12 sets or 24

ribs ? are true ribs because they ?

1-7; articulate directly with the body of the sternum via costal cartilage

ribs ? are false ribs because they ?

8-10; articulate indirectly with the body of the sternum via costal cartilage

true ribs

articulate directly with the body of the sternum

false ribs

articulate indirectly with body of sternum via costal cartilage

Ribs

articulates with Thoracic vertebrae

Ribs 1-7

-True Ribs

-articulate /directly/ with body of sternum via costal cartilage

The ? of the sternum articulates at its ? surface with the clavicle to form the ?

superolateral; sternoclavicular joint

The ? of the sternum has articulations with the ? of ribs

body; costal cartilage

The body of the sternum also articulates with the inferior end of the ? and the superior surface of the ?

manubrium; xiphoid process

what is the pointed inferior end of the sternum

xiphoid process

articulates with the inferior end of the body of the sternum

xiphoid process

? of a rib articulates with the demifacets of the body of ? vertebrae

head; thoracic

? of a rib articulate with transverse processes of the 10 superior ? vertebrae

tubercles; thoracic

ribs ? are floating ribs that ?

11-12; do not articulate with the sternum

shallow depression on the superior, lateral side of the scapula

glenoid cavity

the glenoid cavity of the scapula is the articular site for the ?

head of the humerus

is a synovial ball-and-socet joint formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

glenohumeral joint

beak-shaped projection of the scapula located superiorly & anteriorly to the glenoid cavity

coracoid process

bony ridge running diagonally along the posterior side of the scapula

spine of the scapula

lateral, expanded end of the spine of the scapula

acromion process of the scapula

? forms the lateral-most extremity of the scapula

acromion process of the scapula

? of the scapula faces the vertebral column

medial border

a depression located above the spine of the scapula

supraspinous fossa

depression located below the spine of the scapula

infraspinous fossa

The clavicle articulates with the ? of the sternum at its ? or ? end forming the ?

manubrium; medial or proximal; sternoclavicular joint

The clavicle articulates with the ? of the scapula at its ? or ? end forming the ?

acromion process; lateral or distal; acromioclavicular joint

The ? is the region located between the elbow and the shoulder

arm

large rounded structure at proximal end of humerus

head of the humerus

what is the raised area at the proximal end of the humerus ?

greater tubercle

small raised area near greater tubercle at proximal end of humerus

lesser tubercle of the humerus

attachment site for many muscles located between the greater & lesser tubercles of the humerus

intertubercular groove of the humerus

rough, raised area along the diaphysis of the humerus

deltiod tuberosity of the humerus

depression at distal end & posterior surface of the humerus

olecranon fossa

The ? of the humerus forms a hinge with the ? of the ulna

olecranon fossa; olecranon process

small depression at the distal end & anterior surface of the humerus

coronoid fossa

The coronoid fossa of the humerus articulates with the ?

coronoid process of the ulna

the ___ articulates at the coronoid fossa of the humerus

coronoid process of the ulna;

trochlea of the humerus; trochlear notch of the ulna

rounded structure on lateral distal end of humerus that articulates with the ?

capitulum of the humerus; head of the radius

? are located just superior to the capitulum and trochlea of the humerus

medial & lateral epicondyles

medial bone of the forearm

ulna

region betwee n the elbow & wrist

forearm

U-shaped depression at proximal end of the ulna that articulates with the ? of the humerus forming the ?

trochlear notch of the ulna; trochlea; humeroulnar joint

The humeroulnar joint is a ? joint

synovial hinge-type joint

humeroulnar joint

formed by trochlea and trochlear notch

forms the point of the elbow on the posterior surface at the proximal end of the ulna

olecranon

tip of the olecranon on proximal end of the ulna that articulates with the ? of the humerus

olecranon process of the ulna; olecranon fossa

? of the ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus

coronoid process of the ulna

small depression at proximal end of the ulna where the ? of the radius articulates

radial notch; head of the radius

pointed structure at the distal end of the ulna

ulnar styloid process

? is located at the distal end of the ulna just proximal to the styloid process

head of the ulna

lateral bone of the forearm

radius

roughened, raised area at proximal end of the radius

radial tuberosity

pointed structure at distal end of the radius

styloid process of the radius

rounded structure at proximal end of the radius that articulates with the ? of the humerus & the ? of the ulna

head of the radius; capitulum of the humerus; radial notch of the ulna

? is ? types of joint located between the head of the radius & and radial notch of the ulna

radioulnar joint; synovial pivot-type joint

most lateral of carpal bones when hand is in anatomical position; articulates with the ? & ? to form the wrist joint

scaphoid; distal radius & lunate

located medial to the scaphoid & articulates with the ?, ?, ?, and ?

distal radius, triquetrum, hamate, capitate

located medial to the lunate; has articulations with ? & ?

triquetrum; hamate & pisiform

located at base of palm on medial side

pisiform

only articulates with the triquetrum

pisiform

articulates with the scaphoid & hamate & distal articulations with metacarpals II and I

trapezium

lies between the trapezium and capitate

& distal articulation with metacarpal II

trapezoid

located between trapezium & hamate; distal articulations with metacarpal III & proximal articulations scaphoid & lunate

capitate

most medial carpal of distal row; proximal articulations with triquetrum & lunate & distal articulations with metacarpals IV & V & lateral articulation with capitate

hamate

hook-shaped structure of hamate

hamulus of the hamate

the thumb has ? phalanges

2- proximal & distal

The 3 regions of the coxal bones are formed by the fusion of the ? at the ?

ilium, ischium, & pubis; acetabulum

articulation site for the ? of the femur that is a cup-like depression on the lateral side of each coxal bone

acetabulum

ridge along the superior edge of the ilium

iliac crest

bony prominence that forms the anterior-inferior boundary of the iliac crest

anterior-superior iliac spine

bony prominence located just inferior to the anterior-superior iliac spine

anterior-inferior iliac spine

forms the posterior-inferior boundary of iliac crest

posterior superior iliac spine

bony projection located inferior to the posterior superior iliac spine

posterior inferior iliac spine

groove located below the posterior inferior iliac spine through which ? pass from the hip into the thigh

greater sciatic notch; sciatic nerve

rough area on inferior surface of ischium that is the attachment site for ?

ischial tuberosity; hamstring muscles

large, oval opening in coxal bone formed by parts of the ? & ? through which ? & ? leave and enter the thigh from the pelvis

obturator foramen; ischium & pubis; blood vessels & nerves

articular surface for the pubis symphysis and an attachment site for several thigh muscles

pubis

formed by the articulation of the sacrum with the ilium on either side of the body

sacroiliac joint

sacroiliac joint is important in ? & is ?

weight bearing; cartilaginous & synovial

longest & strongest bone in the body

femur

rounded prominence at proximal end of femur that articulates with the ?

head of the femur; acetabulum

narrowed portion of femur that joins the head with the diaphysis

neck of the femur

large, rough raised area at proximal & most lateral end of femur

greater trochanter

smaller bony prominence located just posterior & inferior to greater trochanter

lesser trochanter

smooth surfaces at the distal end of the femur that articulate with the ? of the tibia

medial & lateral condyles; condyles

rough areas above the condyles of the femur

medial & lateral epicondyles

prominent ridge along posterior surface of the femur

linea aspera

small, rough structure located lateral to the lesser trochanter & inferior to the greater trochanter

gluteal tuberosity

slides along the ? surface of the femur located between the condyles of the femur

patella; patellar

The patella is a ? bone

seasmoid

region located between the hip and the knee

thigh

the larger of the 2 bones of the leg that articulates with the ? femur

tibia; distal

region between the knee and the ankle

leg

bony prominence on the anterior surface & proximal end of the tibia

tibial tuberosity

articulate with the condyles of the femur

medial & lateral condyles of the tibia

structure on medial and distal side of tibia that forms the "inner ankle"

medial malleolus

smaller of the 2 bones of the leg located lateral to the tibia

fibula

structure on the distal end of the fibula that forms the outer ankle

lateral malleolus

articulates with the proximal end of the tibia

head of the fibula

? bones make up the ankle

7 tarsal

great toe

hallux

sural

calf region

anterior surface of knee

patellar

anterior surface of elbow

antecubital

posterior surface of elbow region

olecranal

coxal

hip region

calcaneal

heel region

calcaneous

heel

calcaneous

articulates inferior to talus. calcaneal tendon attaches at posterior surface of calcaneous

separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity, enclosed by the chest wall, & an inferior abdominopelvic cavity, enclosed by the abdominal wall & pelvis

diaphragm

contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, & reproductive systems

ventral body cavity or coelom

thoracic cavity is subdivided into

1. r and l pleural cavities

2. mediastinum - houses the pericardial cavity

thoracic cavity contains

lungs & heart, associated organs of respiratory, cardiovascular, & lymphoid systems, thymus, & inferior portions of the esophagus

separates the left & right pleural cavities

mediastinum

mediastinum contains

trachea, esophagus, & major vessels, & pericardial cavity that contains the heart

mediastinum

-area b/w the right and left lung

-structures found here are the heart and great vessels

Mediastinum

area between right and left lung, which is bounded laterally by the lungs, anteriorly by the sternum, posteriorly by the thoracic vertebrae and inferiorly by the diaphragm.

abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into

superior abdominal cavity & inferior pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity contains

liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, & most of the large intestine

pelvic cavity contains

last segments of large intestine, bladder, reproductive organs, (uterus & prostate)

dorsal body cavity contains

brain & spinal cord

9 abdominopelvic regions

right & left hypochondriac, R & L lumbar, R & L inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, & hypogastric region

Right upper quadrant contains

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small & large intestine

left upper quadrant contains

left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

right lower quadrant contains

cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs, & right ureter, right ovary or right spermatic cord

left lower quadrant contains

most of small intestines, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs, left ovary or left spermatic cord

epigastric region contains

medial portion or left lobe of liver & stomach

hypogastric region contains

bladder, appendix, small intestines

left hypochondriac region contains

spleen & lateral part of stomach & stomach fundus

umbilical region contains

gallbladder, transverse colon, small intestine

pancreas functions in what 2 systems

digestive & endocrine

testes & ovaries function in what 2 systems

reproductive & endocrine

for visualizing bones & locating abnormally dense structures

x-ray

new form of 3D imaging; x-ray rotates around the patient- higher quality images; less radiation exposure; 3D images are a big benefit

spiral CT scan

ascertaining the age of a developing fetus; checking for gallstones; uses high-frequency sound & picks up echos to create the image

ultrasound (sonography)

produces high-contrast images of soft tissues; does not use radiation; bones invisible; distinguishes body tissues based on differences in water content; magnetic field affects protons within atoms

MRI

provides unobstructed view of small arteries; images of vessels are taken b4 & after injection of a contract medium; used to identify blockages of arteries

digital subtraction angiography

right hypochondriac region contains

right lobe of liver & liver fundus

right lumbar region contains

ascending colon

Lumbar Region

of the lower back

left lumbar region contains

descending colon

right inguinal region contains

cecum & appendix

Inguinal Region

of the groin

left inguinal region contains

sigmoid colon

notocord

stiffened rod below spinal cord; replaced by vertebrae

segmental blocks forming muscles, vertebrae, etc.

somites

4 elements that make up 99% of the body

H, O, C, & N

major classes of compounds in the body

water, carbs, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids

trace elements

silicon, fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium, chromium, tin, aluminum, & boron

humans are composed of ? organ systems

11

what 2 systems are closely tied?

nervous & endocrine

system that directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems; glands without ducts

endocrine system

organs in the endocrine system

pineal gland, pituitary, parathyroid gland, thyroid, thymus, suprarenal gland, pancreas, ovary, & testes

parts of lymphoid system

spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

pharynx is part of what 2 systems

respiratory & digestive

bucca

cheek

frons

forehead

oris

mouth

mentis

chin

cervicis

neck

facies

face

dorsum

back

crus

leg

peritoneal cavity contains

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.

parietal membrane lines

cavity; nearest the wall of body farthest from the organs

visceral cavity lines

organs; farthest from wall of body & closest to the organs

light microscopy can magnify up to ? times

2,000

the cytoplasm consists of

cytosol & organelles

nonmembranous organelles

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, & ribosomes

membranous organelles

golgi, nucleus, ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, &mitochondria

Membranous organelles

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

composed of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments & thick filaments; provides strength & support & allows movement of cellular structures & materials

cytoskeleton

microvilli are composed of ? & function to

microfilaments; increase surface area for absorption of extracellular materials

centrioles are composed of ? & are essential for ?

nine triplets of microtubules; movement of chromosomes in cell division

cilia have a ? arrangement & do what in a cell

9 pairs of doublets surrounded by a central doublet (9+2); move materials over cell surface

ribosomes are composed of ? & function to ?

60% RNA & 40% proteins; synthesize proteins

? produce 95% of ATP required by the cell

mitochondria

functions in lipid, steroid, & carbohydrate synthesis & calcium ion storage

smooth ER

function: catabolism of fats & other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in process

peroxisomes

cell membrane is composed of

phospholipids, glycolipids, protein, & cholesterol

The Cell Membrane is Composed of what?

Phospolipids
Glycolipids
Protein
Cholesterol

functions of plasmalemma

isolation, protection, sensitiviy, support, regulation of exchange with environment

? can diffuse through lipid bilayer of plasmalemma

lipids, lipid soluble molecules, CO2 & O2

water, small water-soluble molecules, & ions diffuse through

membrane channels of plasmalemma

large molecules that cannot fit through channels such as AA's and glucose require ? to cross the plasmalemma

facilitated diffusion

microfilament functions:

1. anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins

2. stabilize position of membrane proteins

3. anchor plasmalemma to the cytoplasm

4. produce movement of the cell

intermediate filaments provide:

strength, stabilize organelle position, & transport material within the cytosol

thick filaments are found where & are involved in what there?

muscle cells; muscle contraction

microtubules are involved in the formation of ?

centrioles

centrioles, cilia, & flagella are examples of

microtubules

peroxisomes contain ? that breaks down ? into ?

catalase; hydrogen peroxide into water

chromosomes consists of ? wrapped around ?

DNA; histones

lysosomes fuse with ? to digest solid material

phagosomes

lysosomal functions:

1. primary lysosome can fuse with membrane of another organelle forming a secondary lysosome

2. secondary lysosome can form what a primary lysosome fuses with a vesicle containing materials from outside the cell

3. lysosome membrane can break down leading to digestive enxymes attacking the cytoplasm = autolysis

what 2 cell types can contain as many as 300 mitochondria per cell ????

liver & muscle

RBC's lack these two organelles

mitochondria and nucleus

peroxisomes are abundant in ? cells

liver

? vesicles connect the ER with the golgi apparatus

transport vesicles

? vesicles connect the Golgi with the plasmalemma

secretory vesicles

2 major types of junctions

comunicating & adhering

? junctions permit the free diffusion of ions & small molecules between two cells

communicating or gap

gap junctions are held together by ?

connexons

? junctions prevent the diffusion of fluids & solutes between cells

tight or occluding junctions

A ? is formed by the fusion of interlocking proteins of the outer layers of 2 plasmalemmae

tight junction

? junctions attach one cell to another

anchoring

anchoring junctions are formed by

CAMs

a sheetlike anchoring junction that serves to stabilize nonepithelial cells

zonula adherens

type of anchoring junction that stabilizes adjacent epithelial cells

macula adherens

? create links that are so strong that dead skin cells are shed in sheets rather than individually

zonulae adherens

? connect intracellular microfilaments to basal lamina

focal adherens

? are found in epithelial tissues that are subject to abrasion & shearing forces like cornea of eye, skin, & mucosal surfaces of vagina, esophagus

hemidesmosomes

? & ? may remain in G0 indefinitely & may never undergo mitosis

skeletal muscle cells & neurons

G1 of interphase

normal cell functions, cell growth, duplication of organelles, protein synthesis; can take 8 or more hours

S phase

DNA replication, synthesis of histones; takes 6-8 hours

G2 phase

protein synthesis; 2-5 hours

mitosis & cytokinesis takes

3-5 hours

cytokinesis overlaps with

anaphase & telophase

in which organelle are the most free radicals produced?

mitochondria

Cells that secrete a protein substance are abundant in which 2 organelles?

Rough ER & Golgi

microfilaments are composed of ?

actin

microtubules are composed of

tubulin

what structure of the respiratory systems warms, filters, & humidifies air

paranasal sinuses

organ system that functions to control erythrocyte production & elevate bp, controls maturation of lymphocytes, & regulates Ca levels

endocrine system

function of body cavities

cushion viscera while walking, jumping, and running

order of increasing radiodensity (6 things)

air, fat, liver, blood, muscle, bone

What is a types of anchoring junction also termed a desmosome

macula adherens

What mechanism of endocytosis is performed only by specialized cells of the immune system

phagocytosis

Cilia are anchored to a compact centrosome near the nucleus. T or F

FALSE

What nonmembranous organelle forms the primary components of the cytoskeleton

microtubules

Skeletal muscle cells do not contain ?

centrioles

What cells never enter the G0 phase

stem cells

viscous, superficial coating on outer surface of plasmalemma

glycocalyx

? cells in the body

75 trillion

four tissue categories

epithelial, connective, muscular, neural

functions of epithelial tissue:

1. cover exposed surfaces - physical protection

2. line internal passageways & chambers

3. produce glandular secretions

4. provides sensation

5. controls permeability

epithelial tissue characteristics

cells bound close together with no intercellular space; have exposed apical surface & attached basal surface; basal attachment to basal lamina; avascular; cells continuously replaced; composed of one or more layers; innervated - have nerve endings

specialization of epithelial cells

1. microvilli- for absorption & secretion

2. stereocilia- long microvilli found in inner ear

3. ciliated epithelium- moves substances over apical surfaces of cells

3 factors involved in maintaining integrity of epithelium

1. intercellular connections

2. attachement to basal lamina

3. epithelial maintenance & renewal is self-perpetuated

? forms the boundary between epithelial cells & the underlying connective tissue

basal lamina

intercellular cement

proteoglycans

types of epithelial tissue cells

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, & transitional

secrete watery fluids rich in enzymes

serous glands

secrete glycoproteins (mucins) that absorb water to produce mucous

mucous glands

contain both serous & mucous secretions

mixed exocrine glands

types of exocrine glandular epithelia

serous, mucous, & mixed exocrine glands

exocrine glands secretions travel

through ducts to the epithelial surface

endocrine gland secretions travel

directly into the blood or lymph

simple vs. compound glands

simple glands do not have branching ducts but compound glands do have branching ducts

types of simple exocrine glands

1. simple tubular- intestinal glands

2. simple coiled tubular- sweat glands

3. simple branched tubular- gastric glands & mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, & duodenum

4. simple alveolar (acinar)- not in adults; stage in development of simple branched glands

5. simple branched alveolar- sebaceous glands

types of compound exocrine glands

1. compound tubular- mucous glands (mouth), bulbo-urethral glands, testes

2. compound alveolar (acinar) - mammary glands

3. compound tubuloalveolar- salivary glands, glands of respiratory passages, pancreas

merocrine secretions are released through

exocytosis

examples of merocrine secretion

goblet cells of trachea & cells in axilla region regarding sweat production

apocrine secretions are released

via loss of cytoplasm

example of apocrine secretion

mammary glands for milk secretion

holocrine secretions are released upon

bursting of glandular cells

example of holocrine secretion

sebaceous glands

3 main components of connective tissue

1. specialized cells

2. matrix- composed of extracellular proteins & ground substance

3. extracellular proteins

all connective tissues derive

mesenchyme

functions of CT

1. establish structural framework for body

2. transporting fluid & dissolved materials (blood)

3. protecting organs

4. supporting, surrounding, & connecting other tissues (areolar)

5. storing energy (adipose)

6. defending body from microorganisms

3 Types of CT classification

1. CT Proper
2. Supporting CT
3. Fluid CT

connective tissue proper

matrix of fibers;

loose- areolar, adipose, & reticular

dense- dense regular, dense irregular, & elastic

fluid connective tissue

matrix of liquid; blood & lymph

supporting connective tissue

matrix of gel or a solid; bone, hyaline, elastic, & fibrous cartilage

types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrous

hyaline means

glassy

membranes consist of

1. sheet of epithelial cells

2. an underlying CT

4 types of membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

mucous membranes line

digestive, respiratory, reproductive, & urinary tracts

what membranes are coated with mucous secretions & have connections to exterior of body

mucous membranes

serous membranes line & produce ? to ?

pleural, pericardial, & peritoneal cavities; transudate; reduce friction

cutaneuous membranes make up ? & are ?

skin; thick & waterproof

synovial membranes line ? & produce ? to ?

joint cavities; synovial fluid; reduces friction in joints

what component of mucous membranes connects epithelia to underlying structures & provides support for blood vessels & nerves that supply the epithelium

areolar CT component known as lamina propria

layers of CT are known as

fascia; superficial, deep, & subserous

superficial fascia

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer; located between skin & underlying organs; areolar & adipose CT

deep fascia

forms a strong, fibrous internal framework; consists of dense regular CT; bound to capsules, ligaments, tendons, etc.

subserous fascia

between serous membranes & deep fascia; areolar CT

day 6 of develpoment a ball of cells forms called a

blastocyst

blastocysts forms 2 layers of cells

1. trophoblast- forms the placenta

2. epiblast or inner cell mass- forms embryo

during the ? week of development 3 germ layers can be seen in the inner cell mass

2nd; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

epithelial tissue develops to form

functional epithelial linings, exocrine & endocrine cells

all epithelia begin as ? that may later become ?

simple epithelia; stratified

in the formation of a(n) ? gland, cells connecting the secretory cells to the surface form the duct that carries the secretions of the gland cell to the epithelial surface

exocrine

In the formation of a ? gland, the connecting cells disappear, & the gland cells secrete into blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluids

endocrine

all CT begins as

mesenchyme

development of organ systems

1. ectoderm & endoderm layer form

2. cells migrate between those 2 layers forming a mesoderm

3. organs begin to develop around day 28

ectoderm forms:

1 epidermis & epidermal derivatives of integumentary system hair follicles, nails, glands, 2. lining of mouth, salivary glands, nasal passages, anus;

3. nervous system;

4. pituitary & parts of suprarenal gland;

5. portions of skull, pharyngeal arches, teeth

mesoderm forms

1. dermis

2. lining of pleural, peritoneal, & pericardial cavities

3. muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, & lymphoid systems

4. kidneys & part of urinary tract

5. most of reproductive tract & gonads

6. CTs

7. portions of endocrine system

endoderm forms:

1. most of digestive system, epithelium, exocrine glands (not salivary), liver & pancreas

2. most of respiratory system: epithelium (not nasal passages) & mucous glands

3. ducts & stem cells that produces gametes (parts of urinary & reproductive systems)

4. thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid, & pancreas (portions of endocrine system)

2nd deeper layer of basal lamina

lamina densa

CTs do not ?

produce specialized secretions

Least specialized CT in adult body

areolar

What structure conducts outgoing messages in neural tissue?

axons

Which tissues are formed by the differentiation of embryonic tissue

loose & dense connective tissue

which germ layer forms that CT supporting all organ systems

mesoderm

what germs layer(s) participate in the formation of functional organs & organ systems?

all 3

What is the name of the pale, crescent-shaped area near the root of the nail?

lunula

skeletal system is made of

1. skeletal bone

2. cartilage

3. ligaments

4. CT to stabilize the skeleton

Skeletal System

Suppoer, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage and blood formation

functions of the skeletal system

1. support- provides framework for attachement of other organs

2. storage of minerals- 98% of body's Ca ions & phosphate ions

3. blood cell production

4. leverage- muscles pull bones to produce movement

5. protection- i.e. ribs, skull, vertebrae, pelvic bones

bone marrow is located where and produces ?

in epiphyses (red marrow); RBCs, WBCs, & platelets

outer lining of bone

periosteum

inner lining of bone

endosteum

bone is what type of tissue?

supporting CT; has specialized cells and a solid matrix

what is the matrix of bone composed of

Ca phosphate that converts to hydroxyapatite crystals

fxn of hydroxyapatite crystals

resist compression

makes up 2/3 of bone matrix & contributes to bone strength

collagen

what two things make bone extremely strong?

hydroxyapatite crystals & collagen

contribute to only 2% of bone mass

bone cells

mature bone cells that maintain protein & mineral content of matrix

osteocytes

immature bone cells

osteoblasts

osteoblasts are found where & produce what

inner & outer bone surfaces; osteoid- helps make matrix

osteoblasts are involved in what process that continues even after you stop growing

osteogenesis

osteoblasts can convert to

osteocytes

? are found on the inner & outer bone surfaces, form new osteoblasts, & are heavily involved in bone repair after a break

osteoprogenitor cells

? secrete acids that dissolve bone releasing Ca & phosphate into the blood

osteoclasts

osteoclasts are ?

multinucleate

osteoprogenitor cells are a type of ? cell

stem

parts of the osteon

1. central canal

2. lacunae

3. canaliculi

4. osteocytes

5. lamellae

2 types of osseous tissue:

1. compact bone

2. spongy bone

compact or dense bone form walls of bone outlining the ? that contains ?

medullary cavity; yellow marrow

open network of plates located in the epiphyses

spongy bone

compact bone consists of ?

osteons

trabeculae or trabecular bone is also ?

spongy bone

trabeculae are arranged in ? & form ? & ?

parallel struts; branching plates & an open network

compact bone conducts ? from one area of the body to another but is weak when ?

stress; stress is applied to one side

? bone can deal with stress from the side

spongy

narrow growth between epiphysis & diaphysis of long bone

metaphysis

functions of periosteum

1. isolates & protects bone from surrounding tissue

2. provides route & attachment for circulatory & nervous supply

3. participates in bone growth & repair

4. attaches bone to CT network of deep fascia

5. attachment for ligaments

? are cemented into lamellae by osteoblasts

tendons

are tendons part of the bone?

yes!

functions of endosteum:

1. lines medullary cavity

2. consists of osteoprogenitor cells

3. actively involved in bone growth & repair

before 6 weeks of development the skeleton is ?

cartilage

process of cartilage being replaced by bone cells

ossification

deposition of Ca ions into the bone tissue

calcification

2 types of ossification

intramembranous & endochondral

intramembranous ossification involved in development of

mandible, clavicle, skull & face

endochondral ossification involved in development of

limbs, vertebrae & hips

steps of intramembranous ossification:

1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

2. osteoblasts begin secreting matrix

3. osteoblasts become trapped in matrix

4. osteoblasts differentiate to form osteocytes

5. more osteoblasts are produced & move outward

6. compact bone is formed

endochondral ossification steps:

1. developing bone begins as cartilage

2. cartilage matrix grows inward (interstitial growth)

3. cartilage matrix grows outward (appositional growth)

4. blood vessels grow around cartilage

5. perichondral cell convert to osteoblasts

6. osteoblasts develop bone layer around cartilage

7. blood vessels penetrate

8. osteoblasts develop spongy bone in diaphysis- primary center of ossification

9. cartilage near ends replaced with bone

10. blood vessels penetrate- spongy bone-secondary center of ossification

area of cartilage in the metaphysis

epiphyseal plate or epiphyseal cartilage

width of epiphyseal plate gets ? as we age

narrower

Enlarging the diameter of bone

• Called appositional growth
• Blood vessels that run parallel to the bone becomes surrounded by bone cells

• “Tunnels” begin to form
• Each “tunnel” has a blood vessel in it

• Osteoblasts begin to produce matrix, thus creating concentric rings

• As osteoblasts are laying down more bone material, osteoclasts are dissolving the inner bone, thus creating the marrow cavity

4 sets of blood vessels associated with long bones

1. nutrient vessels- enter dia & branch toward epi; re-enter compact bone, leading to central canals

2. metaphyseal vessels- supply nutrients to diaphyseal end of epiphysis

3. epiphyseal vessels- supply nutrients to medullary cavities of epihpysis

4. periosteal vessels- supply nutrients to superficial osteons

factors regulating bone growth

nutrition, Ca, phosphate, Mg, citrate, carbonate, Na, vitamins A,C,D (calcitriol)

PTH

released by parathyroid gland; stimulates osteoclasts & osteoblasts; increases Ca absorption from small intestine to the blood

calcitonin

released by thyroid; inhibits osteoclasts; removes Ca from blood & adds it to bone

thyroxine (t4)

released by thyroid; maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage

osteocalcin

helps regulate metabolism, reduce blood sugar & influences fat cells to store fat

growth hormone

released by anterior pituitary; maintains epiphyseal cartilage

when young osteoblast activity ? osteoclast activity

balances with

when we get older osteoclast activity ? osteoblast activity

is faster than

? keeps osteoclast activity under control

estrogen

osteoporosis

osteoclasts become overactive in aging women due to loss of estrogen; bones become porous

steps in healing a fracture

1. bleeding

2. formation of internal callus of spongy bone & external callus of cartilage & bone

3. cartilage of external callus replaced by bone

4. swelling marks location of fracture & remodeling

7 bone shapes

1. sutural- skull sutures

2. irregular- vertabra

3. short- carpals & tarsals

4. pneumatized- ethmoid

5. flat- parietal, sternum, ribs, scapula

6. long- femur, ulna, humerus, etc.

7. sesamoid- patella

bone elevations & projections

process & ramus

processes for tendon or ligament attachment

trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

processes for articulation with other bones

head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

depressions in bones

fossa & sulcus

openings in bone

foramen, fissure, meatus or canal, sinus or antrum

a muscle ? is typically medial or proxiaml & more superiorly located

origin

a muscle ? is typically lateral or distal & more inferiorly located

insertion

a muscle's action is to ? the ? closer to the ?

pull; insertion; origin

? are prime movers that initiate a particular movement

agonists

? contract a body part to return it to its original position or make a movement opposite to that agonist

antagonist

muscles that assist the agonist

synergists

5 things muscles can be named for:

1. location

2. action

3. shape

4. size

5. fiber arrangement

muscles can be named for

1. body region or location

2. shape

3. orientation of fibers- rectus femoris & external oblique

4. specific or unusual features- biceps brachii, teres major

5. origin & insertion- sternocleidomastoid

6. primary function

7. occupational or habitual action - buccinator or sartorius

to increase a joint angle

extend

decrease a joint angle

flex

move away from midline

abduction

move towards midline

adduction

to lower

depress

to raise

elevate

to stand on toes

plantar flexion

to stand on heels

dorsiflexion

plantar surface facing in or medially

inversion

plantar surface facing out or laterally

eversion

tough band of connective tissue that connects one bone to another

ligament

the deltoid is an example of a(n)

agonist

deltoid

1. origin- lateral clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula

2. insertion- deltoid tuberosity of humerus

3. action: entire shoulder- abduction of shoulder

anterior deltoid- flexion & medial rotation of humerus

posterior deltoid- extension & lateral rotation of humerus

4. innervation- axillary nerve

5. arterial supply- axillary & brachial artery branches

Deltoid

O: Lateral clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

A: Abducts shoulder; flexes/extends humerus; medially/laterally rotates humerus (EVERYTHING EXCEPT ADDUCTION)

N: Axillary

A: Axillary, brachial

Deltoid

O: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle and spine of scapula

I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

A: Everything but adduct

`I and B: Axillary

Deltoid

Origin - Lateral Clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Action - Entire Deltoid: ABducts shoulders;

Anterior Deltoid: Flexion and Medial Rotation of humerus;
Posterior Deltoid: Extension and lateral rotation of humerus

Innervation - Axillary Nerve
Arterial Supply - Axillary & Brachial Artery

the supraspinatus is an example of a ? that helps what muscle?

synergist; deltoid

tough band of CT that connects muscle to bone or muscle to muscle, often serving as an origin or insertion for a muscle

tendon

1. levatores ani muscles
2. coccygeus muscle

3. bulbospongiosus muscle

4. ischiocavernosus muscle

Muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

a broad & flattened tendinous sheet of CT, often serving as an origin or insertion for a muscle

aponeurosis

trapezius

1. origin- occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, & spines of T1-T12

2. insertion- clavicle, acromion process & spine of scapula

3. action- elevates clavicle, adducts, elevates, & depresses scapula; rotates scapula upward; extands neck

4. innervation- cranial nerve XI

5. arterial supply- external carotid & subclavian artery branches

trapezius

A: external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, SP T1-T12, acromion and spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle

INN= spinal accessory nerve

Actions= adduct scapula, rotate glenoid fossa up, depress and elevate scapula

Trapezius

O: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of thoracic vertebrae

I: CLASS

A: Elevates clavicle; adducts, elevates, depresses scapula; rotates scapula upward; extends neck

N: Cranial nerve XI

A: Subclavian; External carotid

Trapezius

Origin - Occipital Bone, Ligamentum Nuchae & Spine of Thoracic Vertebrae
Insertion - Clavicle, Acromion Process & Spine of Scapula
Action - Elevates Clavicle; ADducts elevates, & rotates scapula upward; extends neck when shoulder is fixed
Innervation - Cranial Nerve XI (11)
Arterial Supply - External Carotid & Subclavian Artery

muscles with a cranial nerve supply

trapezius & sternocleidomastoid; cranial nerve XI

2 muscles with a cranial nerve supply

trapezius; cranial nerve XI Sternocleidomastoid; ventralrami c2c3 and cn xi

a minor muscle is usually ? to a major muscle but the major is always ?

superior; larger

levator scapulae

1. origin- transverse processes of C1-C4

2. insertion- superior vertebral border of the scapula

3. action- elevates scapula

4. innervation- dorsal scapula nerve & cervical nerves 3-5

5. arterial supply- subclavian artery branches

Levator scapulae

O: C1-C4

I: Superior vertebral border of scapula

A: Elevates scapula

N: Dorsal scapular nerve, cervical nerves 3-5

A: Subclavian

Levator Scapulae

Origin - Transverse Processes C1-C4
Insertion - Medial Border of the Scapula
Action - Elevates Scapula
Innervation - Dorsal Scapular Nerve & Cervical Nerves 3-5
Arterial Supply - Subclavian Artery

rhomboid major

1. origin- spinous processes of T2-T5

2. insertion- vertebral border of scapula from spine to inferior angle

3. action- adduction & downward rotation of scapula

4. innervation- dorsal scapular nerve

5. arterial supply- subclavian artery branches

Rhomboid Major

Origin - Spinous Processes of T2-T5
Insertion - Medial Border of the Scapula
Action - ADducts and rotates scapula downwards
Innervation - Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Arterial Supply - Subclavian Artey

rhomboid minor

1. origin- spinous processes of C7-T1

2. insertion- vertebral border of scapula

3. action- adduction & downward rotation of scapula

4. innervation- dorsal scapular nerve

5. arterial supply- subclavian artery branches

rhomboid minor

1. origin- spinous processes of C7-T12. insertion- vertebral border of scapula
3. action- adduction & downward rotoation of scapula
4. innervation- dorsal scapular nerve
5. arterial supply- subclavian artery branches

Rhomboid Minor

Origin - Spinous Processes of C7-T1
Insertion - Medial Border of the Scapula
Action - ADducts and rotates scapula downward
Innervation - Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Arterial Supply - Subclavian Artery

what 3 posterior thorax & shoulder muscles share the same arterial supply?

levator scapulae, rhomboid major, & rhomboid minor - subclavian artery branches

what 2 muscles of the posterior thorax & shoulder share the same action & what is this action?

rhomboid major & minor- adducts & rotates the scapula downward

what 3 posterior muscles of thorax & shoulder share innervations & what is this innervation?

levator scapulae & both rhomboid muscles; dorsal scapular nerve!

The ? of the deltoid are the same as the ? of the trapezius

origins; insertions

ANAT 115 Study Guide (2013-14 Hendon)

Created by Classmates in Anatomy 115 with Hendon at University of Alabama - Birmingham †