when the pH of the extracellular fluid DROPS, the...
a. kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions
b. kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions
c. kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions
d. a, b
e. a, c
angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by...
a. triggereing the production and secretion of aldosterone
b. causing the release of ADH
c. stimulating thirst
d. a, b
e. a, b, c
all of the following are components of ECF, except...
a. peritoneal fluid
b. cerebrospinal fluid
c. lymph
d. RBCs
e. aqueous humor
the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by...
a. parathormone
b. glucocorticoids
c. aldosterone
d. ADH
e. atrial natriuretic peptides
which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
a. acetylcholine
b. natriuretic peptides
c. ADH
d. PTH
e. aldosterone
the ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are...
a. sodium, potassium, calcium
b. sodium, hygrogen, phosphate
c. sodium, potassium, phosphate
d. sodium, potassium, bicarbonate
e. sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
in response to respiratory alkalosis, the...
a. respiratory rate increases
b. kidneys retain more hydrogen ions
c. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions
d. tidal volume increases
e. kidneys conserve bicarbonate
which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?
a. ADH
b. aldosterone
c. ANP
d. epinephrine
e. BNP
a chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)?
a. acid
b. alkali
c. compensation
d. buffer
e. electrolyte
in an adult female, the body consists of about ___ percent water.
a. 60
b. 80
c. 70
d. 50
e. 40
which of the following with stimulate thirst?
a. angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
b. drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
c. an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
d. a, b
e. a, b, c
substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called?
a. osmoregulators
b. electrons
c. buffers
d. electrolytes
e. nonelectrolytes
approximately ___ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.
a. 15
b. 10
c. 20
d. 9
e. 7
a patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for?
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. respiratory acidosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis
the release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to...
a. conserve sodium ions
b. decrease ECF
c. excrete sodium ions
d. a, b
e. b, c
in a lean adult male, the body consists of about ___ percent water.
a. 60
b. 80
c. 40
d. 10
e. 90
a person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop...
a. respiratory alkalosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. metabolic acidosis
the most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of...
a. sodium ions
b. chlorine ions
c. potassium ions
d. electons
e. calcium ions
excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by...
a. the liver
b. the feces
c. the kidneys
d. buffers
e. sweating
consuming a meal high in salt will...
a. cause hypotension
b. decrease thirst
c. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood
d. result in temporary increase in blood volume
e. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
a person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks...
a. metabolic acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic alkalosis
d. respiratory acidosis
which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?
a. angiotensin II
b. ADH
c. PTH
d. ANP
e. epinephrine
a person with emphysema will exhibit signs of...
a. chronic respiratory alkalosis
b. chronic respiratory acidosis
c. chronic metabolic acidosis
d. actue respiratory acidosis
exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the...
a. arteries
b. tissues
c. veins
d. muscles
e. capillaries
prolonged vomiting can result in...
a. respiratory alkalosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. respiratory acidosis
the ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are...
a. potassium, chloride, bicarbonate
b. potassium, hydrogen, chloride
c. sodium, potassium, bicarbonate
d. proteins, potassium, phosphate
e. sodium, potassium, calcium
a patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ___ from his body.
a. sodium
b. water
c. bicarbonate ion
d. hydrogen ion
e. all of the above
which of the following desriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?
a. consequence of prolonged vomiting
b. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
c. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
d. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone...
a. calcitonin
b. ADH
c. parathyroid hormone
d. aldosteronee
e. cortisol
which hormone plays a centeral role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
a. epinephrine
b. aldosterone
c. ADH
d. ANP
e. BNP
severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephirits) often leads to...
a. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
aldosterone...
a. is secreted in response to elevated levels of potassium in the blood
b. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
c. helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure
d. a, b, c
e. a, b
the principal cation in intracellular fluid is...
a. potassium
b. chloride
c. calcium
d. sodium
e. magnesium
the primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonte buffer system is to...
a. buffer the urine
b. buffer stomach acid
c. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide
d. limit pH changes caused by organic an fixed acids
e. increase ventilation
which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
a. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for examply in ischemic conditions
b. consequece of hyperventilation, for examply in fever or mental illness
c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
d. consequence of prolonged vomiting
about two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ___ fluid.
a. intracellular
b. extracelluar
c. intercellular
d. vital
e. interstitial
secretion of potassium into the urine is...
a. increased by aldosterone
b. associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts
c. minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium
d. a, b, c
e. a, b
which of the followin descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
a. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example dur to COPD
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
c. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
d. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within...
a. cells of the body
c. cerebrospinal fluid
c. lymph
d. interstitial space
e. blood vessels