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walking on the backs of the knuckles of the hand, typical of the African apes
foramen magnum
the hole in the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and around the outside of which the top vertebra articulates
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prognathism
a protrusion of the lower portion of the face
sagittal crest
a ridge of bone running front to back along the top of the skull for the attachment of major chewing muscles. typical of gorillas
competitive exclusion
the process by which one species out competes others for resources in a particular area
Pliocene
5-1.6 mya, first hominids appeared in Africa
Pleistocene
1.6 mya - 10,000 ya, characterized by a series of glacial advances and retreats
Holocene
modern geological epoch that began about 10000 ya after pleistocene
Oldowan
homo habilis, 2.5 mya. sharp edged flakes were produced by striking a stone core
Acheulian
tool making of Homo erectus, including hand axes, cleavers and flake tools.
Levallois
tool making - triking uniform flakes from a prepared core.
Mousterian
the middle paleolithic culture associated with the european and south west asian na
Core Tool
a tool made by taking flakes off a stone nucleus
flake tool
a stone fragment removed from a core, flakes with sharp points or edges may be used as tools without modification of can be further shaped or sharpened.
sagittal keel
a sloping of the sides of the skull toward the top as viewed from the front
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glacier
a massive body of ice that through a number of processes, can expand and move
glacial period
phases of the pleistocene epoch
- worldwide temperature dropped
- substantial long term glacial expansion occurred.
- there have been as many as 18 separate glacial periods of the last 1.6 my
hand axe
a bifacial, all purpose stone tool
axe like in shape
produced by homo erectus
bifacial
a stone tool that has been worked on both sides
Movius Line
A geographic break between the manufacture of hand axes and that of simple stone chopping tools.
MRE Model
Multi-regional Evolution: H. sapiens about 2 million years old
- modern traits evolved in geographically diverse locations then spread thru species
- aka - Out-of-Africa model
RAO Model
Recent African Origin:
- H. sapiens evolved recently as separate species in Africa
- then spread to replace archaic populations
Mostly out of africa model
H. sapiens about 2 million years old as a species
- most genetic variation & phenotypic features of modern humans have African origin
tool kit
group of tools found and used together to form a particular task
aurignacian
the stone tool technology of homo sapiens in europe beginning about 34,000 ya.
- includes long, narrow blade tools
chatelperronian
a stone tool industry associated with late neandertals in europe
Carrying Model -
allowed the hands to be free to carry food collected back home from open unsafe areas.
- allowed the ability for a mother to carry a child while searching for food.
Vigilance model
- elevation of the head allows for searching for food
- watching for dangerous situations
Heat dissipation model
- cools body by presenting less of a target for intense sun rays
- allows more of the body above and away from ground to catch cooling air currents
- Could also explain relative lack of hair on bodies of modern humans.
Energy efficiency model
- energy efficient way of running as opposed to quadrupedalism
- it is more efficient for walking
- long periods gathering food would require less energy expenditure.
Foraging/bipedal harvesting model
standing upright allows to reach food on bushes or trees that are difficult or impossible to climb.
Display model
- display posture during dominance confrontations
- makes individual seem larger and is related to mating success.
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