Anthro Test 3 - Anthropology 101 with Townsend at University of South Carolina - All Campuses

Lindsay S.

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knuckle walking

walking on the backs of the knuckles of the hand, typical of the African apes

foramen magnum

the hole in the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and around the outside of which the top vertebra articulates

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prognathism

a protrusion of the lower portion of the face

sagittal crest

a ridge of bone running front to back along the top of the skull for the attachment of major chewing muscles. typical of gorillas

competitive exclusion

the process by which one species out competes others for resources in a particular area

Pliocene

5-1.6 mya, first hominids appeared in Africa

Pleistocene

1.6 mya - 10,000 ya, characterized by a series of glacial advances and retreats

Holocene

modern geological epoch that began about 10000 ya after pleistocene

Oldowan

homo habilis, 2.5 mya. sharp edged flakes were produced by striking a stone core

Acheulian

tool making of Homo erectus, including hand axes, cleavers and flake tools.

Levallois

tool making - triking uniform flakes from a prepared core.

Mousterian

the middle paleolithic culture associated with the european and south west asian na

Core Tool

a tool made by taking flakes off a stone nucleus

flake tool

a stone fragment removed from a core, flakes with sharp points or edges may be used as tools without modification of can be further shaped or sharpened.

sagittal keel

a sloping of the sides of the skull toward the top as viewed from the front

glacier

a massive body of ice that through a number of processes, can expand and move

glacial period

phases of the pleistocene epoch

- worldwide temperature dropped

- substantial long term glacial expansion occurred.

- there have been as many as 18 separate glacial periods of the last 1.6 my

hand axe

a bifacial, all purpose stone tool

axe like in shape

produced by homo erectus

bifacial

a stone tool that has been worked on both sides

Movius Line

A geographic break between the manufacture of hand axes and that of simple stone chopping tools.

MRE Model

Multi-regional Evolution: H. sapiens about 2 million years old

- modern traits evolved in geographically diverse locations then spread thru species

- aka - Out-of-Africa model

RAO Model

Recent African Origin:

- H. sapiens evolved recently as separate species in Africa

- then spread to replace archaic populations

Mostly out of africa model

H. sapiens about 2 million years old as a species

- most genetic variation & phenotypic features of modern humans have African origin

tool kit

group of tools found and used together to form a particular task

aurignacian

the stone tool technology of homo sapiens in europe beginning about 34,000 ya.

- includes long, narrow blade tools

chatelperronian

a stone tool industry associated with late neandertals in europe

Carrying Model -

allowed the hands to be free to carry food collected back home from open unsafe areas.

- allowed the ability for a mother to carry a child while searching for food.

Vigilance model

- elevation of the head allows for searching for food

- watching for dangerous situations

Heat dissipation model

- cools body by presenting less of a target for intense sun rays

- allows more of the body above and away from ground to catch cooling air currents

- Could also explain relative lack of hair on bodies of modern humans.

Energy efficiency model

- energy efficient way of running as opposed to quadrupedalism

- it is more efficient for walking

- long periods gathering food would require less energy expenditure.

Foraging/bipedal harvesting model

standing upright allows to reach food on bushes or trees that are difficult or impossible to climb.

Display model

- display posture during dominance confrontations

- makes individual seem larger and is related to mating success.

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