BSC 196 Exam 1 - Biological Sciences 196 with Angelo Capparella/martha Cook at Illinois State University

Katelyn G.

Size: 74

magnification

how large objects appear compared tothe actual size ( they appear larger becasue the lenses bend the light

resolution

"resolving power" ; distinguishes the closest distances 2 objects can be apart from one another and still be considered two objects; Makes Image Clear to Distinguish Details

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contrast

the relative difference between light and dark areas

Light Microscopy (LM)

advantages; can observe living cells cells and organisms, colors and pigments, movement, and can focus through the depth of a specimen (resolves up to .2 um)

Electron Microscopy (EM)

advantages; best resolution (2nm b/c electrons have shorts wavelengths) and have highest magnification. -- electrons from filament travel thgouh vaccum and go into specimen which causes magnetic field and focuses electrons

Transmission electron Micrograph

used to look at one thin section of specimen to see inner structures.

electrons go through specimen- dark spot, electrons dont go through specimen-light spot.

many sections must be used if wantng to create a 3D structure.

Helps reveal viruses by locating molecules within a specimen by alternating an antibody to a gold particle.

Scanning electron Micrograph (SEM)

used to look at the outside SURFACE of a specimen. electrons bounce off the specimen rather thatn go through it. gives a 3D view

fluorescence Microscopy

specimen emits light in response to microscope.

if the molecule has not autoflouresence qualities naturally, antibodies can be attatched to make it glow.

"reporter proteins"- can also add proteins to make it glow at specific parts

Confocal Microscopy

computer scans back and forth and computes a 3D image.

there is not out of focus blur.

is able to focus on one specific part

Voucher specimen

a specimen to voucher for some information or item that is derived from the specimen, e.g. DNA

Discovery of Cells

Robert Hooke.

Cells.

discovery of Microorgansims

Leeuwenhook.

discovered protist and bacteria and named them animolcules meaning little animal.

Published a paper and kept voucher specimen

Voucher specimen

a specimen to voucher for some information or item that is derived from the specimen, e.g. DNA

Prokaryotes Cell Wall

The cells wall is a key feature in alll prokaryotic cells. it

-differs from eukaryotes

-contains peptidoglycan( polymer composed of modified sugars cross linked with polypeptides)

-if cell has a lot of peptidoglycan it is gram positive and stains dark violet

-is used for shape and protection

Prokaryotes and attatchment

prokaryote is able to attatch to substrates of other prokaryotes because of capsule and fibri

motility of prokaryotes

falgella and taxis

taxis

the ability for a prokaryote to move towards or away from a stimulous, whether it is good of bad

prokaryotes reproduction

binary fission

prokaryotes genetic variation

random mutation (happens a lot because they divide so rapidly) and horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer

prokaryotes recieve genes from other prokaryotes whether they are dead or alive

what are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer for prokaryotes?

-transformation

-conjugation

-transduction

transformation

DNA that is horizontally transferred into prokarytes is from surroundings and environment

-requires stress, often from dead cells

-acquire plasmids

plasmids

loose or extra DNA

conjugation

DNA that is transferred in horizontal genen transfer between 2 prokaryotic cells that are tmeporarily joined

transduction

horizontal gene transfer that uses phages to carry prokaryotic genes from one host to another

"DNA is transmitted by virus"

what is an effect of horizontal gene transfer

rapid acquisition of new abilities confusing lineages

what is an endospore

In prokaryotic cells, a resisitant cell that grows inside an original cell. it has its own cell wall and during extrememe conditions the endospore can survive

what is the rate of reproduction of prokaryotes

20-50 minutes for one generation of E. Coli

-depending on conditions, the prokaryotes can adapt and if given enough nutrients/ right conditions they can reproduce very rapidly

Prokaryotic growth

trememndous growth if enough nutrients and are not poisioned by metabolic waste

Prokaryotes and Adaptation

can adapt to changing environment

-can also change their environment

what are prokaryotes chromosomes and genome size like?

considerably less DNA than eukaryotes

-circular chromosomes

-minimal genome size, genes are tightly packed, many copies of small genome

-plasmids are small and circular

- bacteria and archaea cna put DNA into environment so cells can take it up.

phototrophs

organisma that obtain energy from light

chemotrophs

organisms that obtain energy from other chemicals

photoautotroph

energy source: light

carbon source:CO2 and other related compounds

chemoautotroph

energy source: inorganic chemicals

Carbon source: CO2

Photoheterotroph

energy source: light

carbon source: organic compunds

chemohetertroph

energy source: organinc compounds

carbon source: organinc compounds

obligate aerobes

Prokaryotes, Oxygen and Metabolism.

must use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it

obligate anaerobes

poisoned by O2

faculative anaerobes

are okay with O2 or without

thermophiles

archea the love love love heat ex. yellowstone hot springs

halophiles

archea that love salt. live in highly saline environments

methonaogens

archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism

are obligate anaerobes

acidophiles

love acid, have low pH

5 subgroups of proteobacteria

alpha
beta
gamma
deta
epsilon

chlamydias

bacteria. is a parasite and STD causes blindness and has no peptidoglycan

spirochetes

Bacteria. parasite that causes lymes disease. is helical and flexible. is a helical heterotroph

gram positive bacteria

endospore forming.

are actinmycetes (make own antibiotics to protect themselves from other prokaryotes)

cyanobacteria

bacteria. blue green pigment

self suffecient, plant like (oxygen photosynthesis)

some filaments have nitrogen fixers.

pathogens

parasites that cause disease

Helicobacterplyoricauses

makes ammonia to buffer against stomach acid

Parasites

absorb nutrients from living host

saprobes

absord nutrients from dead organinc matter

Example of nutrient recycling

methanontrophs- feed on methane

-anaerobic in archaea

-aerobic in proteobacteria

bioremediation

the enzyme that breaks down methane

primary endosymbiosis

symbiont is a prokaryote

-2 chloroplast membrane

secondary endosymbiosis

symbioant is eukaryote

what is the general base of the food web?

protists

protists in carbon cycle

plankton die and sink to bottom of ocean and take CO2 with them

Euglenzoanas

Eukaryote with modifies mitochondria

- complex unicells

- 2 types of movement

--- flagella swim forwards and twist

--- metaboli, they scrunch and move forward

ex. Euglena , found in farm ponds. red Caratenoid pigment

Haptophytes/ Coccolithophorids

Eukaryotes with modified mitochondria

unicellular falggellates

autotrophs

**2 ways they cool the earth 1. remove CO2 is they sink like plankton 2. reflect light which cools earth

Avelolates

eukaryote with modified mitochondria 3 types 1. Dinoflagellates 2. Apicomplexans 3. Cilates

Dino flagellates

Avelolate. 2 flagella, spin through water, *** photosynthesize for coral reefs

Apicomplexans

Avelolates. is a parasite, examples-- ticks, cat fices, malaria

ciliates

avelolates. complex unicells, cilia for locomotion

stramenophiles

eukarya with modified mitochondria. all have smooth flagella with complex hairs.

diatoms

stremenophiles. used to test microscope solution. help study past climates

brown algae

stremeophiles. brown pigment. includes KELP. brown algae provides habitat

red algae

eukarya wiht modified mitochondria. Not flagella. parasties towards other red algae. red pigment, go deep b/c they absorb deepwater. AGAR from cell wall polysacchrides. most are made from fillaments

green algae

eukarya with modified mitochondria

- same accessory pigemtns as plants, chlorophyll and canateroids.

-several groups, many body forms

coenocytic

unicellular and multinucleate

haploid

sexual reproduction of chromosomes. having 1 set of chromosomes

diploid

sexual reproduction of protist. having 2 sets of chromosomes

fertilization

sexual reproduction of chromosomes. fusion fo 2 gametes to form one zygots

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