Chapter 7 at Texas State University-San Marcos

Gema M.

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Photosynthesis

- solar energy is trapped and stored as chemical energy in the bonds of sugar (glucose)

- endergonic reaction

- energy+carbon dioxide+water= glucose+oxygen

- two processes= light reactions and calvin cycle

- "photo"= capturing sunlight

- "synthesis"= refers to making glucose

Chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll; allow chemical reactions that convert energy into sunlight, and stored sugar

Epidermis

like skin; layer of transparent cells

Cuticle

transparent, waxy, waterproof covering; reduces the evaporation of water from the leaf

Stomata

pores in epidermis that obtain carbon dioxide

Mesophyll

middle layer, with the chloroplasts

Bundle Sheath Cells

surround the cascular bundles, which form veins in the leaf and supply water and minerals to the mesophyll

Stroma

- organelles with a double membrane enclosing a fluid; FLUID; like cytoplasm

- Calvin Cycle occurs here!

Thylakoids

- embedded in the stroma; disk-shaped membranous sacs

- light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis

Light Reactions

- chlorophyll captures sunlight energy and converts some of it into chemical energy

- stores in the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH

Calvin Cycle

- enzymes in the stroma use carbon dioxide from the air and chemical energy from ATP and NADPH to make glucose

Carbon Fixation

process of "fixing" carbon, ultimately leads to the production of glucose

Photorespiration

when stomata are closed to prevent water loss, oxygen buids up in the plant cells and becomes toxic

Adaptations to Avoid Photorespiration

plants have evolved to avoid photorespiration; two types:

1. C4 Pathway= uses special mesophyll and bundle sheath cells to minimize photorespiration (dry environment)

2. CAM= performs different activities based on the time

C3 Pathway

these plants can be subject to photorespiration during harsh conditions

*REGULAR= PLANT DIES!*

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