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the same phenomenon is sought again, preferably by independent
investigation, and the interpretation given it confirmed or discarded by means of novel
analysis and experimentation.
scientists attempt to abstract the information into the form that is simplest,
most easily recalled, and most esthetically pleasing--the combination called elegance--
while yielding the largest amount of information with the least amount of effort.
a parsimonious explanation is the one that
requires the fewest ad hoc assumptions and when two theories are equally good in
explaining a particular set of phenomena, the one that is more parsimonious is favored.
if something can be properly measured, using universally accepted scales,
generalizations about it will be rendered less ambiguous.
heuristicity
the best science stimulates further discovery, often in unpredictable new
directions, whose content confirms or modifies the parent formulation.
there must exist a way in which a scientific concepts (theories) can be
shown to be wrong.
“scientific revolutions” and /or
“paradigm shifts”
Copernican Revolution
Archbishop Ussher (1581-1656) (wall chart of world history)
Steno (1638-1686)
James Hutton (1726-1797)
: earth as an inexhaustible heat engineTELEOLOGY—The PURPOSE (nature is a purposeful place):
no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”
Unconformity at Jedburgh
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Cuvier (1769-1832)
founder of Comparative Anatomy
“Proof” of extinction”
Cuvier 2
CONSEQUENCES of the reality of extinctions:
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
1744-1829
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Pangenesis
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(1859)
Descent with Modification
Natural Selection
Anatomical Evidence:
How to explain similarity in
Body Plan?
Embryology
Vestigial (rudimentary) Organs
Variability:
Heritability
Selection
Malthus’ Iron Laws of Population
microevolution
Artificial Selection
.Mechanism of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Discovered the laws of heredity but his work did not become known
until the 20
th century.Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Discovered the laws of heredity but his work did not become known
until the 20
th century.Fundamental Laws of
Inheritance.
Genotype
Phenotype
Alleles
Diploid
Homologous
Homozygous/heterozygous:
Darwin and the fossil record
Problem: Life of the Pre-Cambrian
Problem: Age of the Earth
Mutations
Point Mutation
Regulatory genes
allopatric
speciation
Fecundity
William Smith (1796)
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
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