DISCRETE EMOTIONS THEORY
theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, evolutionary functions
Happiness
Disgust
Sadness
Fear
Surprise
Contempt
Anger
Similarities in communication across species- esp. mammals and birds
Cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
emotions are products of thinking, not innate motor programs
as many different kinds of emotions as thoughts
no discrete emotions
Emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
we are sad because we cry
Somatic Marker Theory:
We use our “gut- reactions” to help us determine how we should act
Emotion provoking events lead simultaneously to an emotion and bodily reactions
Event >>>> Arousal >>>> Emotion
Event >>>>Arousal and Emotion
Automatic generation
Mere exposure
Facial feedback Hypothesis
Subliminal messages
Facial expressions can influence emotions
Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Need for food, water, sex, temperature
EMOTIONAL FACTORS
Panic, fear, love, hatred, jealousy
COGNITIVE FACTORS
Personality, beliefs, expectations
SOCIAL FACTORS
Peer pressure, obedience, social norms
The body regulates itself to keep physiological systems at a steady level by constantly making adjustments
Drives are aversive
Hunger, thirst, sexual frustration
drive for stimulation
Primary Needs
Biological
Secondary Needs
Psychological; more than 20
Model, developed by Maslow proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose
highlight or accentuate speech
gestures: Manipulators
one body part strokes, presses, or touches another
gestures: Emblems
convey meanings recognized by members of a culture
Proxemics: Personal Space
Hall, 1966
Cultural differences
Sex differences
public distance
public speaking
social distance
conversations among strangers
personal distance
conversation among friends
intimate distance distance
kissing, hugging, affectionate touching
Average person is only slightly better than chance at detecting a liar (~ %)
No relationship between accuracy and strength of belief
Some professions/individuals are better than others
Guilty Knowledge Test
info only the perp could know
low false positive but high false negative
details might not have been noticed
Integrity Tests
common in the workplace
supposedly assess tendency to steal
better than chance but high false positive
Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Ghrelin
Cholecystakinin (CCK)
- plays a role in initiating eating;
seems to indicate when to stop eating
ghrelin
a hormone produced in the stomache
counter part of leptin
which makes people hungry, slows metabolism and decreases the body's ability to burn fat.
Cholecystakinin (CCK)
Glucostatic Theory
“Selfish Brain Theory”
When blood levels drop, hunger creates drive to eat
Need to restore proper level of glucose
melanocortin
receptor gene mutation
Bulimia: recurrent binge eating followed by attempt to control weight
1-3% of population
95% women
Anorexia: extreme measures to remain thin.
0.5-1% of population
anorexia: Severe caloric intake restrictions
Lose 20-25% of body wt.
Distorted body image
“Starvation Study”
Biological Influences of sex
Testosterone
Serotonin- (low levels =Migraine Headaches)
Dopamine- DRD4 gene
Gender
Socialization
Physiology of sex
Desire
Excitement
Orgasm (climax)
Resolution
The “Kinsey Report”
asks ppl bt sexuality (confidential)
may things higher % than thought
Myths and Facts
Gender nonconformity
“Exotic Becomes Erotic”
Problems w/ theory
Sexual reorientation therapy
can be trained not to homosexual
