emotion and motivation - Psychology 100 with Forsythe at The Ohio State University

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Psychology-from Inquiry to Understanding

DISCRETE EMOTIONS THEORY

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, evolutionary functions

Evolutionary Functions

emotions help us to survive

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panksepp (2005)

tickeled rats...believed they were laughing

new borns smile...

sponatneously during REM sleep
6 weeks- smile at familiar face

PRIMARY EMOTIONS:

Small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

Primary Emotions (7)

Happiness

Disgust

Sadness

Fear

Surprise

Contempt

Anger

SECONDARY EMOTIONS

Combination of primary emotions

Alarm and Hatred are examples of ________ emotions

Secondary

schadenfreude

Glee at witnessing misfortune of arrogant person

Duchenne smile:

(real smile) upward turning of the corners of mouth, crinkling of corners of eyes

Pan am smile

fake smile

MOTIVATION-STRUCTURAL RULES:

Similarities in communication across species- esp. mammals and birds

________ is Indirect evidence for discrete emotions theory

MOTIVATION-STRUCTURAL RULES

DISPLAY RULES

Cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

frieson (1972)

Japanese students reacted the same as professor

COGNITIVE THEORIES OF EMOTION:

Theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking
emotions are products of thinking, not innate motor programs

as many different kinds of emotions as thoughts

no discrete emotions

James-Lange Theory:

Emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

we are sad because we cry

Somatic Marker Theory:

We use our “gut- reactions” to help us determine how we should act

Cannon-Bard Theory:

Emotion provoking events lead simultaneously to an emotion and bodily reactions

Event >>>> Arousal >>>> Emotion

Jame-Lange Theory

Event >>>>Arousal and Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

Two-Factor Theory:

Emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an explanation of that arousal

unconcious influences:

Automatic generation

Mere exposure

Facial feedback Hypothesis

Automatic generation

Subliminal messages

MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT:

Repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorable towards it

FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS

Theory that blood vessels in the face feedback temperature info in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

Facial expressions can influence emotions

MOTIVATION:

Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Need for food, water, sex, temperature

EMOTIONAL FACTORS

Panic, fear, love, hatred, jealousy

COGNITIVE FACTORS

Personality, beliefs, expectations

SOCIAL FACTORS

Peer pressure, obedience, social norms

What are the two most powerful motivators?

FOOD AND SEX

DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

The body regulates itself to keep physiological systems at a steady level by constantly making adjustments

Drives are aversive

Hunger, thirst, sexual frustration

According to drive reduction theory motivation arises from

from an imbalance in our body equilibrium homeostasis

HOMEOSTASIS:

equilibrium
body wants to be balanced

YERKES-DODSON LAW:

Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the on hand, and affect and performance on the other

We perform our best at _______ levels of arousal.

intermediate

Over-arousal=

stress and poor performance

Un-aroused=

bored and poor performance

Stimulus hunger

drive for stimulation

INCENTIVE THEORIES:

Emphasizes the role of positive goals that motivate behavior

Intrinsic Motivation

motivation by inner desire to master the material

Extrinsic Motivation

motivated by external goal- a good grade

Primary Needs

Biological

Secondary Needs

Psychological; more than 20

Hunger and thirst

Primary Needs

“need for achievement”

Secondary Needs

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS:

Model, developed by Maslow proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

GLUCOSTATIC THEORY:

when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

image maslow's-heirarchy-of-needs.jpg for term side of card

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

LEPTIN:

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

SET POINT:

value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

INTERNAL-EXTERNAL THEORY:

Obese people are motivated to eat more be external (ex: food in front of them)cues than internal cues (feeling of actual hunger)

PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

DESIRE PHASE: EXCITEMENT PHASE: ORGASM (climax) PHASE: RESOLUTION PHASE:

DESIRE PHASE

phase triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest

EXCITEMENT PHASE:

phase in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it

ORGASM (climax) PHASE:

phase marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women

RESOLUTION PHASE:

phase following orgasm in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being

With age the ____________ of sex decreases but _________ does not

Frequency; Satisfaction

Nonverbal leakage

body language that a person is often unaware of

gestures: illustrators

highlight or accentuate speech

gestures: Manipulators

one body part strokes, presses, or touches another

gestures: Emblems

convey meanings recognized by members of a culture

Proxemics: Personal Space

Hall, 1966

Cultural differences

Sex differences

public distance

public speaking

social distance

conversations among strangers

personal distance

conversation among friends

intimate distance distance

kissing, hugging, affectionate touching

what must we have to lie?

theory of mind

spot the liar

Average person is only slightly better than chance at detecting a liar (~ %)

No relationship between accuracy and strength of belief

Some professions/individuals are better than others

how does lie detector work...

Changes in physiological states supposedly associated with lying

BP, respiration, skin conductance

Ask relevant, irrelevant, & control questions
Looking for “Pinocchio Response”

observable response to lying

Guilty Knowledge Test

info only the perp could know

low false positive but high false negative

details might not have been noticed

Integrity Tests

common in the workplace

supposedly assess tendency to steal

better than chance but high false positive

parts of brain that deal with hunger...

Lateral hypothalamus

Ventromedial hypothalamus

hormones that deal with hunger...

Ghrelin

Cholecystakinin (CCK)

center for food cravings,,,,

the brain NOT the stomache

lateral hypothalamus

- plays a role in initiating eating;

ventromedial hypothalamus-

seems to indicate when to stop eating

ghrelin

a hormone produced in the stomache

counter part of leptin

which makes people hungry, slows metabolism and decreases the body's ability to burn fat.

Cholecystakinin (CCK)

A hormone produced principally by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats, causing contraction of the gallbladder, release of bile, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Also called pancreozymin.

Glucostatic Theory

“Selfish Brain Theory”

When blood levels drop, hunger creates drive to eat

Need to restore proper level of glucose

melanocortin

receptor gene mutation

bulimia

Bulimia: recurrent binge eating followed by attempt to control weight

1-3% of population

95% women

anorexia

Anorexia: extreme measures to remain thin.

0.5-1% of population

anorexia: Severe caloric intake restrictions

Lose 20-25% of body wt.

Distorted body image

“Starvation Study”

Biological Influences of sex

Testosterone

Serotonin- (low levels =Migraine Headaches)

Dopamine- DRD4 gene

Gender

Socialization

Physiology of sex

Desire

Excitement

Orgasm (climax)

Resolution

The “Kinsey Report”

asks ppl bt sexuality (confidential)

may things higher % than thought

Myths and Facts

Gender nonconformity

“Exotic Becomes Erotic”

Problems w/ theory

Sexual reorientation therapy

can be trained not to homosexual

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