· An amoeba
· is not the same as encephalitis
· Blood-brain barrier
· Associated with college age: 10% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
· Caused by N. meningidis
o Gram-negative, aerobic cocci with a capsule
· Begins as throat infection, rash
· A lot of people are infected/carriers
· Vaccination required/recommended
· Stress, fomites, sharing drinks, kissing – can spread it and cause more carriers
· Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
· Usually foodborne: unpasteurized dairy products
· Can cause transplacental infections
· Severe birth defects – still birth
· Brain infections
· Responsible for some of the largest food recall
· Psychrotroph
o Can grow in fridge
· Anaerobic! Grows in deep warm dark places without oxygen
· Puncture wounds- grows in deep wounds
· tetanospasmin
· Clostridium have endospores [and so does bacillus (anthrax and anaerobic)]
· Hard to kill
· Lock jaw
spastic paralysis
· Neurotoxin
· Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing Flaccid paralysis (limp)
· Has the greatest toxicity – the lowest LD50; worst food poisining
· Caused by clostridium botulinum
canned goods
· food poisoning, found in honey (neurotoxin)
· Botulism = Don’t give honey to infants – big kids have well established gut florae
· Also called Hansen’s disease
· Caused by mycobacterium lepra
· Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
· Chief virulence factor: Acid-fast, waxy wall, mycolic acid
· Armadillo’s have lepra endemically
Carville, LA
· Causes paralysis
· Can cause paralysis of the diaphragm; and then you’d need an iron lung
· Waterborn, associated with poor sanitation
· Destruction of motor cells and paralysis occurs in <1% of cases
· Vaccination: sabine (attenuated, oral) and salk (killed, dead vaccine)
· Infection is naturally orally transmitted- better option
· Related to mucosal antibody called IgA
· IgG would be produced from salk vaccine (if you were shot in the butt.. this is what would happen)
· Louis Pasteur; Tried his vaccine on Joseph misner
· Furious rabies: animals are resless then highly excitable
· Paralytic rabies: animals seem unaware of surroundings
· Transmitted by animal bites
· Bats, dogs, raccoons, dogs
· 50,000 people die a year from rabies
· > 1,000,000 people receive post-exposure prophylactic care
· prevention: immunization of domestic animals
· post infection vaccination + antisera (like tetanus)
· Mycolic waxy coat
prokaryote with a nucleus
o Slow growth
· Tuberculosis
· Leprosy
· African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
o Chronic (2-4 years)
· Transmitted from animals to humans: the tsetse fly
· Prevention
o Elimination of the vector
American: kissing bug; chagas disease
protozoan
· Protozoan infects nasal mucosa from swimming water
· Just about 100% mortality
· Causes encephalitis/ black mess out of your brain
· Brain eating
· The amoeba gets to the brain by following the nerves in the nose directly to the brain
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