Final - Psychology 201 with Walker at Oral Roberts University

Taylor C.

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There are now ________ midwives in the United States, and they are employed in ________ of births

7,000, 10%

What birthing method has achieved widespread popularity in the United States, and involves breathing techniques and relaxation training?

Lamaze

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What is the term for a delivery of a child who is not alive? This type of birth occurs in less than 1 delivery in 100.

stillbirth

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?

giving the baby a pacifier during naps and bedtime

Which of the following is not considered a medical risk during pregnancy?

extraordinary growth of the fetus

A neonate enters the world with all of the following abilities except

perfect hearing

Labor proceeds in ________ stages.

Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds) at birth are called

low-birthweight

The overall rate of infant mortality (defined as death within the first year of life) is

10 deaths per 1,000

All but which one of the following reflect the visual skills of a newborn?

perfect visual acuity

William and Sandy's baby was considered preterm because

the baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception.

What is the correct term for a baby that is newborn?

neonate

Infants who weight less than 1,250 grams or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks are called

very-low-birthweight

Alisha was born earlier than 25 weeks, and would be classified as

very-low-birthweight.

Which of the following is not measured using the Apgar scale

pupil dilation

Other than a physician/obstetrician who is licensed, what other person involved in childbirth requires an additional year or two of training and certification

midwife

Which of the following is not a warning sign during delivery that a Cesarean delivery is appropriate?

the Lamaze techniques are no longer affective

Martha is holding her new baby while she enjoys a bite of peppermint candy. She notices that when the candy comes close to the baby's face, the baby becomes more physically and facially active. What sense has the peppermint activated?

sense of taste and smell

When U.S. infants are compared to infants of the same weight who are born in other countries, the differences in mortality rates

decrease

What is not an advantage of administering a "walking epidural" or "dual spinal-epidural" during childbirth?

costs less to administrate

Sickle cell anemia and isovaleric acidemia are two examples of disorders that can be detected in newborns by

taking a tiny quantity of blood drawn from the infant's heel

A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning?

habituation

Newborns who are born prematurely and who have low birthweight may experience respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and require

placement in an incubator where oxygen is monitored.

Which childbirth method is quite controversial because it discourages the use of traditional medical interventions?

Bradley

What type of a physician specializes in delivering babies?

obstetricians

What emerging research brings new aspects to the controversy surrounding whether or not to circumcise newborn males?

circumcision of healthy adult males cut their risk of subsequent HIV infection approximately by half

What percentage of preterm and low-birthweight births are unexplained with regard to cause?

50%

Tiffany Field's research suggests that infants can discriminate between all of the following basic facial expressions except one. Which expression is not discriminated by newborns?

fear

A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal is called

Cesarean delivery

Which form of learning relies upon the newborn producing an "orienting response" in which they become quiet, attentive, and experience a slowed heart rate as they "take in" the novel stimuli?

modeling

Postpartum depression may be triggered by pronounced swings in hormone production that occur after birth. These hormones are

estrogen and progesterone.

One of the earliest examples of classical conditioning was demonstrated in the case of a 11-month-old infant, named ________, whose learned fear of rats generalized to include rabbits and other furry items.

Little Albert

What is the stress-related hormone that newborn's need in their bloodstream to avoid, for example, breathing problems

catecholamines

Another term for "false labor" where after the fourth month of pregnancy the uterus occasionally contracts in order to ready itself for eventual delivery is called a

Braxton-Hicks contraction.

Which is considered the most extreme case of prematurity?

very-low-birthweight infants

Margaret is in the first stage of childbirth, and her Lamaze childbirth techniques appear not to relieve her of her agonizing pain. Her obstetrician tells her that

she can be administered pain relief at any stage of labor upon her request.

A baby born earlier than 25 weeks has less than a ________ chance of survival

50%

Meredith's baby is 2 weeks overdue. What is a potential hazard that the baby can experience because it is postmature?

insufficient blood supply from the placenta to the baby's brain leading to potential brain damage

In the United States in the 1990s, the average hospital stay for a normal birth was ________ days because, in large part, of insurance companies.

2.0

What other factor can classify an infant as meeting the criteria of very-low-birthweight?

regardless of weight, an infant who was in the womb less than 30 weeks

The rate of infant mortality in the United States is ________ many other countries.

higher than

As we age, the proportion of REM sleep ________ as the proportion of non-REM sleep

increases; declines

Breast feeding an infant for the first 12 months of life is the preferred method by child-care experts for all of the reasons below except which reason?

breast milk is cheaper than store-bought formula

One of the most important ways that behavior becomes integrated is through the development of

rhythms

What principle means that we develop visual abilities (located in the head) well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the body)?

cephalocaudal

Like all body cells, ________ have a cell body containing a(n)

neurons; nucleus.

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear its throat?

gag

What is the name of the upper layer of the brain?

cerebral cortex

What is the possible function of the Moro reflex in infants?

similar to primates' protection from falling

Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go to check on her several hours later the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this?

SIDS

All but which of the following constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior, as measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale?

responsetothemother

What is the term for the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients?

malnutrition

What is the principle that different body systems grow at different rates?

Principle of the Independence of Systems

receive messages from other cells, and at their opposite end there is a long extension called a(n) __ which carries the messages.

Dendrites; axon

When do the greatest height and weight increases occur?

During the 1st year of life

Babies are typically able to walk by supporting themselves at around ________ months of age.

Babies are able to sit upright without additional support at ________ months of age

Infants who receive adequate nutrition but act as though they have been deprived of food because they are listless and apathetic are exhibiting

nonorganic failure to thrive

What is definition of obesity?

20% over the average for a given height

1 / 1 point

At what age is a baby able to grasp with its thumb and fingers?

8 months

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called

neuron.

What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 8-12 months, and occurs when an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot?

Babinski

What term refers to an infant's various levels of wakeful behaviors, such as alertness, fussing, crying, and different levels of sleep?

state

Name the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

proximodistal

During the first ________ year(s) of life, a baby's brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons.

What is the term for repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior

rhythms

Developmentalist, Esther Thelen, created a theory to explain how motor skills develop and are coordinated and named it

dynamic systems

In countries other than the U.S., what is a significant reason why mother's choose to breast feed their infants

there is significant social and governmental support for breast feeding

A baby demonstrates behaviors of both wakefulness and sleep; there is generalized motor activity; the baby's eyes may be closed, or they may open and close rapidly. What is the term for this state, which occurs when the baby is awakening?

sleep-wake transition

What is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

cephalocaudal

________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.

Plasticity

At what age can a child build a tower of two cubes?

14 months

At what age are babies able to hold a cup to their lips and take a drink without spilling a drop?

24 months

Severe malnutrition during the first year can produce ________, a disease in which infants stop growing.

marasmus

What is the leading cause of death of children under the age of 1 year?

SIDS

The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation is called

synaptic pruning.

Name the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.

Principle of Hierarchical Integration

What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

reflexes

The American Academy of Pediatrics now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs to prevent

SIDS

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