LARE B #4

effort to learn from prior experience

good example is new urbanists reliance onearlier more traditional forms of dev.

Advocate a return to mixed use, human scale dev.

project objectives - ex amt. of space required, desired adjacency relationships, expected quality, general types of land uses, activities or facilities and size and character of them

functional relationships - desired spatial relationships

design guidelines - desired qualities of design solutions - ex. setbacks, street dimensions, lot dimensions, dwelling unit density

proposed site uses (ex. project program)

existing on site and off site conditions

requirements for permitting and approvals

cost of data collection and analysis

goals must be predefined to narrow the scope of data collection

first stage - site recconnaissance - id's potentially significan assets and liabilities.

develop a base map

physical factors - climate, parent material, landform position

biologcial factors - growth, death and decomposition of vegetation, micro-organisms and other biota

cultural factors - previous land use

ph

permeability

erosion potential

depth to bedrock

depth to water table

temperature

humidity

wind

rainfall

snowfall

solar radiation

potential natural hazards

modified by vegetation -

shade trees

leaves cool air thru evapotranspiration

improve air quality

add oxygen to atmosphere

solar radiation and wind

heat index is an estimate of apparent temperature - the temp one feels because of interaction btwen  air temp and relative humidity. direct sun can raise index values by 15 degrees.

wind roses - diagrams that show the frequency and distribution of wind direction velocity and duiration at at specific location.

atmospheric, hydrologic, geologic and wildfire

cost of damage attributable to natural hazards in the us has been estimated at an average of $1 billion per week.

year 2000 building code - subsantial shift in public policy regardin construction in areas prone to natural hazards.

aggreggation of interacting species living toether in the same place.

plant communities are often named for the dominant species.

natural corridors in the landscape facilitate the movement of organisms between habitats. Particularly important to maintain existing corridors to help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem connectivity.

Large contiguous natural areas should be given highest priority for protection from development

Nearly 1/2 threatened or endangered species are at risk prmarily because of predation or competition from exotics.

$6 billion spent annually on control of invasives

since the 1600's the US has lost more than 1/2 it's original wetland acreage.

wetland defined on the basis of hydology, soil and vegetation

areas with hydrophytes and hydric soils (marshes, swamps, bogs)

areas wtthout soils but with hydrophytes (aquatic beds)

areas without soil and without hydrophytes ( gravel beaches perodically flooded)

marine - open ocean

estuarine - tidal, salty tidal marshes, tidal flats

riverine - rivers and streams

lacustrine - lakes ponds reservoirs

palustrine - marshes, wet meadows, fens, bogs, swamps

assets that can yeld multiple ecological, economic and social benefits

shade

reduce heating cooling costs

increase value of real estate

tree size measured by diameter at breast height - dbh

influences development suitability

love canal - landmark event. 1970's

epa charged with administering superfund sites

unintended consequences - made brownfields untouchable for cost and liability contributed to sprawl

1990 shift in policy - reducing financial risks in redev. , creation of incentives.

site inventory must consider legal context for site planning

federal regulations typically establish standards or admin. rules that are implemented at state and local levels.

However in US the power to regulate land use is granted to local govt's thru state level enabling legislation.

Local govts influence the pace location and character of new dev with comprehensive plans and zoning codes

community level vision statements aout how a community intens to grow and develop typically over a twenty to thirty year period.

Addresses several issues that are relevant to sutatinable site planning including - transpo, houseing, utilities, natural and cultural resources. and ec. dev.

common form of land use regulation

conventional codes or Euclidean - contribute to sprawl with rigid separation of residential and commercial and fostering land dev. patterns that make transpo by walking or public transit impractical

revision of these codes is a growing trend

banks require property appraisal before financing real estate purchase. also consider effects of site context,

highest and best use qualities of a site and its surroundings should determine  at least in part  the purpose for which the land is used.

kevin lynch - image of the city - typology to explain how people form coginitive maps of built enviro

edges (ex. coast)

paths (streets)

districts (ex. neighborhoods)

nodes (entrances, plazas)

landmarks (unique buildings and structures)

influenced by street and walkway arrangement, bldg articulation, indigenous materials etc... pattern books - guide to context sensitive design

mapping - figure ground mapping. particularly good for pattern of open spaces

dw meinig - 10 possible ways to which knowledge experiences and values influence our perceptions of the land..

nature, habitat, artifact, system, problem, wealth, ideology, history, place, aesthetic

hierarchy of human needs - basic needs must be satisfied firsr. safety, food, shelter, clothing

most common seasonal influence on visibility is vegetation

viewshed map

diagnostic process that identifies the opportunities and constraints for a site's specfic program

program                            +              site inventory/existing conditions

goals/objectives                                physical attributes

land uses/activities                          biological attributes

phasing                                              cultural attributes

= site suitability (constraints and opportunities)

fiscally prudent

helps protect public health, safety and welfare from natural hazards

environmental determinism - allows analysis of biophysical conditions to drive land use allocation decisions (mcharg)

1. id suitability criteria for each land use
2. collect and map relevant attribute data
3. id and map the site locations with attribute values that meet suitability criteria

used to id locations within a specified distance of one or more reference features

natural resources requiring protection from dev

cultural resources requiring protection from dev

hazards

overlaying of 2 or more attribute layers

intersection and union

green or ecological infrastructure

open water

wetlands

aquifer recharge areas

unique landforms

E-Ways - environmental corridors. most significant ecological and cultural resources located around wetlands, water, steep topography

coastal communities - hurricanes

low lying zones - storm surge

urban areas more complex

must search for order and patterns of mass and space

            figure ground diagrams

also analyze pedestrian circulation to reveal

• lack of connectivity

• inadaquate capacity
• conflicts among vehicles, bikes, peds

• lace of seating/site furniture

connected with peculiar characteristics of a location

what a place has when it somehow belongs to its location and nowhere else

2 fundamental criteria

1. what nature has put there
2. what people have put there

placelessness results for lack of attention to space making

design with nature

design with culture

design for people

significant site and contextual conditions that shape or inform the development of sustainable site plans

intrinsic - physical conditions, regulations and standards

extrinsic - number and location of site entrances, iconic buildings, local character, nearby buildings and infrastructure.

set of guiding principles and strategies for making design decisions

rules of thumb for organizing program components

time to explore, evaluate, compare

big picture

organizing, spatially arranging major components

project program              +          community goals      +        site suitability

                thru the prism of design theory, graphic communic. ethics

= concept plans

1. delineate primary and secondary conservation areas
2. in remaining, delineate locations suitable for dev.
3. within that area delineate development pods considering accessibility
4. locate primary and secondary circulation

show spatial framework for subsequent detailed design of

3 major site components

open space

circulation

building pods

habitat

conduit for upland animals

filter stormwater

source for food and water

sink - absorb floodwaters

can be integral element to a community's larger open space infrastructure

provide -

• access to
• mobility within
• create outdoor spaces

establish gateways

create strong sense of arrival as well as places for lingering

patterns

linear - recreation corridors paralell natural feature like stream

grid - parallel street network

loop - trail

radial - plaza

spiral - memorial

protect - from unneccessary impact

restore - degraded areas

reuse - brownfields

build - walkable - smart growth

conserve - resources

unity (most comprehensive) - achieved thru

• repetition
• simplicity
• rhythm
• proportion

implies both internal coherence and compatibility with surroundings

visual weight associated with color, form, texture,

often achieved in relation to an axis

weight of visual attributes - symmetry, asymmetry

scale - size of elements correspond to size of human body

when design element is distinct from other nearby elements thru

contrast - creates focal points

hierarchy - establishes dominant/subordinant elements

rectilinear - lines, right angles, rectangles and squares

angular - points, radiating lines, triangles/hexagons

curvilinear - generative points, arcs, tangents, circles

separation - vehicle from pedestrian

minimize - ped. conflicts with veh. bikes

minimize - ped risks to natural hazards

provide - vehicle free zones

satisfy - desire lines

minimize - walkway interruptions

provide pathway hierarchy, direct access for ada

ensure- all gradiants are safe

sustainable site development

water savings

energy efficiency

materials selection

indoor enviro. quality

reclaiming the built environment for pedestrians

restoration and redevelopment

stormwater management

erosion control

sediment control

address 3 sets of issues

permitted use of land and buldings - residential, commercial, industrial

intensity of use - dwelling density FAR building height

height bulk and other dimensional standards - FAR, setbacks

concerned with structural integrity of a building

health and safety

existing conditions

proposd development activities

impacts of proposed development activities

payments of money or land in lieu of fees to compensate local jurisdictions for the cost of off site improvements to public infrastructure necessitated by the development

3 primary factors - vegetation, soils, hydrology

protected under section 404 of clean water act