LARE B #4 - Landscape Architecture W1601b with Woodward at University of California - Los Angeles

diana z.

Size: 90

4 steps of programming

initiate project

develope the project mission and objectives

determine the projects operational and physical requirements

document and pressent the program to the client

additionally must clarify quality expectations

program is a function of

client goals

market demands

legal context

project budget

existing conditions

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Data gathering in programming phase focusses on

site and context

user needs and preferences

design precedents

Multi-attribute Utility Analysis

approach to reaching consensus amongst stakeholders

select stakeholder group

agree on the problem or need

identify issues

develop evaluation criteria

develop alternatives

select and collect impact data for each alt.

weigh evaluation criteria

measure evaluation criteria

rank alternatives

Visual Preference surveys

way to solicit stakeholder opinions concerning development.

help communities and neighborhoods determine how they would like their community or neighborhood to look in the future.

focus on key design issues like building scale and massing, articulation, placement, open space, vehicle parking

Post occupancy evaluations

on-site investigations of both the structure and function of the built environment.

process of evaluationg buildings in a systematic and rigoruous manner after they have been built and occupied for some time. . Important part is behavioral observation

precedent studies

effort to learn from prior experience

good example is new urbanists reliance onearlier more traditional forms of dev.

Advocate a return to mixed use, human scale dev.

program documentation

project objectives - ex amt. of space required, desired adjacency relationships, expected quality, general types of land uses, activities or facilities and size and character of them

functional relationships - desired spatial relationships

design guidelines - desired qualities of design solutions - ex. setbacks, street dimensions, lot dimensions, dwelling unit density

Scope of site inventory and analysis is dictated by

proposed site uses (ex. project program)

existing on site and off site conditions

requirements for permitting and approvals

cost of data collection and analysis

theory

a system of assumptions, accepted principles and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predicto or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomenon

site inventory

goals must be predefined to narrow the scope of data collection

first stage - site recconnaissance - id's potentially significan assets and liabilities.

develop a base map

parcel size and shape

inherent constraint. can significantly affect the suitability or development potential. Especially true on smaller sites or narrow linear sites with greater proportion of edge.

Landscape signatures

landform's characteristics based on differences in soil parent materials and weathering. Slopes are result of constructional and destructional processes.

Aspect

direction that the slope faces. typically id'd with compass direction.

Surficial geology

concerned with the structure, composition and stability of the materials beneath it and in some locations the earth's surface. Weathering occurs unevenly because of variations in bedrock's chemical composition and structure. Depth to bedrock is an important surficial geology attribute. Affects cost of construction.

Data on depth to bedrock

collected by drilling bore holes with a mechanical driller. Provide info on sites' soil and surficial geology.

Site inventory

data gathering on site physical attributes like topography, geology, hydrology, soils, climate, and natural hazards, biological attributes like ecological communities, trees, and wildlife and cultural attributes like prior and current land use and land use regulation.

Hydrologic conditions to be considered in site inventory

water movement, infiltration, storage and discharge.

soil genesis and morphology affected by

physical factors - climate, parent material, landform position

biologcial factors - growth, death and decomposition of vegetation, micro-organisms and other biota

cultural factors - previous land use

soil attributes to be considered in site inventory

permeability

erosion potential

depth to bedrock

depth to water table

Atmospheric or climatic conditions to be considered in site inventory

temperature

humidity

wind

rainfall

snowfall

solar radiation

potential natural hazards

microclimate

modified by vegetation -

shade trees

leaves cool air thru evapotranspiration

improve air quality

add oxygen to atmosphere

microclimate conditions most midifiable by design

solar radiation and wind

heat index is an estimate of apparent temperature - the temp one feels because of interaction btwen air temp and relative humidity. direct sun can raise index values by 15 degrees.

wind roses - diagrams that show the frequency and distribution of wind direction velocity and duiration at at specific location.

natural hazards to be considered in site inventory

atmospheric, hydrologic, geologic and wildfire

cost of damage attributable to natural hazards in the us has been estimated at an average of $1 billion per week.

year 2000 building code - subsantial shift in public policy regardin construction in areas prone to natural hazards.

ecological community

aggreggation of interacting species living toether in the same place.

plant communities are often named for the dominant species.

fragmentation

natural corridors in the landscape facilitate the movement of organisms between habitats. Particularly important to maintain existing corridors to help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem connectivity.

Large contiguous natural areas should be given highest priority for protection from development

color infrared photography

particularly helpful in identifying differences in vegetation health and vigor in aerial photography

Exotic species

Nearly 1/2 threatened or endangered species are at risk prmarily because of predation or competition from exotics.

$6 billion spent annually on control of invasives

ecological niche

position or status of an organism within its comuntiy and ecosystem resulting from the organisms structural adaptions, physiological responses and specific behaviors. it's "profession" biologically speaking

wetlands

since the 1600's the US has lost more than 1/2 it's original wetland acreage.

wetland defined on the basis of hydology, soil and vegetation

wetlands classification on basis of soil and vegetation

areas with hydrophytes and hydric soils (marshes, swamps, bogs)

areas wtthout soils but with hydrophytes (aquatic beds)

areas without soil and without hydrophytes ( gravel beaches perodically flooded)

wetland classification per fish and wildlife service

marine - open ocean

estuarine - tidal, salty tidal marshes, tidal flats

riverine - rivers and streams

lacustrine - lakes ponds reservoirs

palustrine - marshes, wet meadows, fens, bogs, swamps

Trees to be considered in site inventory

assets that can yeld multiple ecological, economic and social benefits

shade

reduce heating cooling costs

increase value of real estate

tree size measured by diameter at breast height - dbh

prior and current land use as consideration in site inventory

influences development suitability

love canal - landmark event. 1970's

epa charged with administering superfund sites

unintended consequences - made brownfields untouchable for cost and liability contributed to sprawl

1990 shift in policy - reducing financial risks in redev. , creation of incentives.

environmental site assessment

requires services of legal, environmental, engineering professionals, summarizes sites' ownership and land use history in addition to current soils and groundwater conditions.

Land use regulation

site inventory must consider legal context for site planning

federal regulations typically establish standards or admin. rules that are implemented at state and local levels.

However in US the power to regulate land use is granted to local govt's thru state level enabling legislation.

Local govts influence the pace location and character of new dev with comprehensive plans and zoning codes

comprehensive plan

community level vision statements aout how a community intens to grow and develop typically over a twenty to thirty year period.

Addresses several issues that are relevant to sutatinable site planning including - transpo, houseing, utilities, natural and cultural resources. and ec. dev.

zoning codes

common form of land use regulation

conventional codes or Euclidean - contribute to sprawl with rigid separation of residential and commercial and fostering land dev. patterns that make transpo by walking or public transit impractical

revision of these codes is a growing trend

form based zoning

focus on the function and character of new development

property value

banks require property appraisal before financing real estate purchase. also consider effects of site context,

highest and best use qualities of a site and its surroundings should determine at least in part the purpose for which the land is used.

building and neighborhood character

kevin lynch - image of the city - typology to explain how people form coginitive maps of built enviro

edges (ex. coast)

paths (streets)

districts (ex. neighborhoods)

nodes (entrances, plazas)

landmarks (unique buildings and structures)

neighborhood character

influenced by street and walkway arrangement, bldg articulation, indigenous materials etc... pattern books - guide to context sensitive design

mapping - figure ground mapping. particularly good for pattern of open spaces

Landscape perception

dw meinig - 10 possible ways to which knowledge experiences and values influence our perceptions of the land..

nature, habitat, artifact, system, problem, wealth, ideology, history, place, aesthetic

hierarchy of human needs - basic needs must be satisfied firsr. safety, food, shelter, clothing

most common seasonal influence on visibility is vegetation

viewshed map

site analysis

diagnostic process that identifies the opportunities and constraints for a site's specfic program

program + site inventory/existing conditions

goals/objectives physical attributes

land uses/activities biological attributes

phasing cultural attributes

= site suitability (constraints and opportunities)

developing with nature

fiscally prudent

helps protect public health, safety and welfare from natural hazards

environmental determinism - allows analysis of biophysical conditions to drive land use allocation decisions (mcharg)

3 steps for suitability analysis

id suitability criteria for each land use
collect and map relevant attribute data
id and map the site locations with attribute values that meet suitability criteria

spatial buffering

used to id locations within a specified distance of one or more reference features

natural resources requiring protection from dev

cultural resources requiring protection from dev

hazards

multiple attribute analysis

overlaying of 2 or more attribute layers

intersection and union

Site constraints - difficult sites

green or ecological infrastructure

open water

wetlands

aquifer recharge areas

unique landforms

E-Ways - environmental corridors. most significant ecological and cultural resources located around wetlands, water, steep topography

site constraints - natural hazards

coastal communities - hurricanes

low lying zones - storm surge

legal and cultural constraints

urban areas more complex

must search for order and patterns of mass and space

figure ground diagrams

also analyze pedestrian circulation to reveal

lack of connectivity

inadaquate capacity
conflicts among vehicles, bikes, peds

lace of seating/site furniture

Regional identity

connected with peculiar characteristics of a location

what a place has when it somehow belongs to its location and nowhere else

2 fundamental criteria

what nature has put there
what people have put there

placelessness results for lack of attention to space making

post occupancy evaluation

particularly useful in urban sites

context sensitive design/site planning

design with nature

design with culture

design for people

design determinants

significant site and contextual conditions that shape or inform the development of sustainable site plans

intrinsic - physical conditions, regulations and standards

extrinsic - number and location of site entrances, iconic buildings, local character, nearby buildings and infrastructure.

design theory

set of guiding principles and strategies for making design decisions

rules of thumb for organizing program components

conceptual design process

time to explore, evaluate, compare

big picture

organizing, spatially arranging major components

project program + community goals + site suitability

thru the prism of design theory, graphic communic. ethics

= concept plans

land planning approach to conceptual design

delineate primary and secondary conservation areas
in remaining, delineate locations suitable for dev.
within that area delineate development pods considering accessibility
locate primary and secondary circulation

anatomy of a concept plan

show spatial framework for subsequent detailed design of

3 major site components

open space

circulation

building pods

open space

habitat

conduit for upland animals

filter stormwater

source for food and water

sink - absorb floodwaters

can be integral element to a community's larger open space infrastructure

developed open space

paved or unpaved green areas designed for pedestrians for commercial civic or recreational purposes.

circulation systems

provide -

access to
mobility within
create outdoor spaces

establish gateways

create strong sense of arrival as well as places for lingering

patterns

linear - recreation corridors paralell natural feature like stream

grid - parallel street network

loop - trail

radial - plaza

spiral - memorial

sustainable site planning - 5 actions

protect - from unneccessary impact

restore - degraded areas

reuse - brownfields

build - walkable - smart growth

conserve - resources

principles of composition - unity

unity (most comprehensive) - achieved thru

repetition
simplicity
rhythm
proportion

implies both internal coherence and compatibility with surroundings

principles of composition - balance

visual weight associated with color, form, texture,

often achieved in relation to an axis

weight of visual attributes - symmetry, asymmetry

scale - size of elements correspond to size of human body

principles of composition - emphasis

when design element is distinct from other nearby elements thru

contrast - creates focal points

hierarchy - establishes dominant/subordinant elements

golden ratio

proprtioing system that underlies the design of ancient roman and greek temples

creating order thru geometric frameworks

rectilinear - lines, right angles, rectangles and squares

angular - points, radiating lines, triangles/hexagons

curvilinear - generative points, arcs, tangents, circles

design criteria for circulation systems

separation - vehicle from pedestrian

minimize - ped. conflicts with veh. bikes

minimize - ped risks to natural hazards

provide - vehicle free zones

satisfy - desire lines

minimize - walkway interruptions

provide pathway hierarchy, direct access for ada

ensure- all gradiants are safe

human scaled buildings

2-4 stories

5 areas of LEED

sustainable site development

water savings

energy efficiency

materials selection

indoor enviro. quality

quality by design

reclaiming the built environment for pedestrians

restoration and redevelopment

stormwater management

erosion control

sediment control

comprehensive plan

community level land use plans that provide a vision for orderly growth and development. These plans are implemented thru zoning codes and other land use regulations.

zoning codes

address 3 sets of issues

permitted use of land and buldings - residential, commercial, industrial

intensity of use - dwelling density FAR building height

height bulk and other dimensional standards - FAR, setbacks

subdivision ordinances

legal process requiring subdivision plat approval. final plat records the legal boundaries of individual parcels, public easements, streets and streets righs of way. upon approval, the final plat is recorded with the local registrar of deeds.

building codes

concerned with structural integrity of a building

health and safety

required for site plan review

existing conditions

proposd development activities

impacts of proposed development activities

exactions

payments of money or land in lieu of fees to compensate local jurisdictions for the cost of off site improvements to public infrastructure necessitated by the development

hydric soils

sufficiently wet in upper region to develop anaerobic conditions during growing season

alluvium

any material deposited by running water

marsh

dominated by herbaceous vegetation. often have look of grassland or meadow. soils typically rich with relatively high ph levels - makes marshes attractive to agriculture

swamp

dominated by trees and shrubs. cypress swamps in south, conifer swamps in the north

colluvium

any material made up of mixture of runoff and mass wasting deposits

highest efficacy of all commercially available lighting sources

low pressure sodium lamp

alluvial fan

fan shaped deposit of sediment laid down by a stream at the foot of a slope. common in dry regionjs

fen

like a bog but fed by groundwater - not so acidic. it is a stage in filling a lake

bog

northern wetlands w/wide diversity of vegetation. deep organic deposits typically peat which is acidic. tend to fill in and become grown over in the long term

aggradation

filling in of a stream channel with sediment. usually associated with low discharges and or heavy sediment loads

wetland mapping

3 primary factors - vegetation, soils, hydrology

protected under section 404 of clean water act

seating requirement

3 linear feet p

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