PSY 211 (Exam 2) - Psychology 211 with Tatum at San Diego State University

Kay S.

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Learning and Behavior

Operant (emitted) behavior

The behavior shown to get a response from the environment (crossing your legs)

- Behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences bc behavior operates on environment

- Thorndike: success selects behavior not failure

Law of effect

Behavior is a function of its consequences. The strength of its behavior depends on its past effects on the environment. implicit in the law is the notion that operant learning is an active process, since it is usually the behavior of the organism that, directly or indirectly, produces effect. + consequences are strengthened also.
- Thorndike: 1st person to show that behavior is systematically strengthened by consequences

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Positive reinforcement

something an individual seeks out; reward; increase

Negative reinforcement

Removing hand from stove; decrease

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

and reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its association with other reinforcers. (praise, recognition, money)

Generalized reinforcer

any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcers ($, praise)

Superstitious conditioning

accidentally reinforced; no relationship but they continue based on that one reinforcement and each time it gets accidentally reinforced again it only makes it stronger (bball coach always wearing a red sweater to the games)

Successive approximation (shaping)

Procedure of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior; slowly training, step by step, rewarding each step as it goes along

Acquisition

gradual increase of withholding in responding when reinforcing stimulus follows that behavior (potty training)

Extinction

Procedure of withholding the reinforcers that maintain behavior (ignore tantrum)

Spontaneous recovery

Sudden reappearance of a behavior following its extinction (return of tantrums after staying at grandma's house)

Primary drives

Motivational force, tension from unfulfilled needs/ desires (hunger, thirst) (Hall's- Drive reduction theory)

Secondary drives

Motivational force, tension from unfulfilled needs/ desires (success. popularity) (learned by conditioning)
Dependent on association with drive reducing primary reinforcement

Three term contingency

SR-S learning- all three elements are essential. ABC the antecedents of behavior A, the behavior that occurs in that situation B, and the consequences of behavior C. ABC must be identified to describe operant learning experience.

Thorndike was the first to...

Take a NATURAL SCIENCE approach to behavior

A reinforcer is a stimulus that...

reduces one or more drives

Free operant procedure

Skinner: The behavior may be repeated any # of times, usually the dependent variable is the # of times a particular behavior occurs a min. (pressing a lever)

Neuringer's page

Study of pigeons/ pecking patterns - random

Allen Neuringer

Any feature of a behavior (intensity, frequency, rate, duration, shape, form) may be strengthened so long a reinforcer can be made contingent on that particular feature

Olds and Milner

Showed reinforcing potential of electrical stimulation of brain/ ESB

What is the one key condition for effective reinforcement?

For rewards to be effective they must occur after the response. Does NOT have to be a direct consequence of the response, organism does NOT have to be aware of if, does NOT need to reduce the drive

Identify the sequence of events that leads to reinforcement or punishment

Response -> stimulus event -> increase future response = reinforcement (+/-) (onset/ offset) OR decrease future response = Punishment (+/-/ extinction)

Why is classical conditioning termed S-S?

There are 2 stimuli

Why is operant conditioning termed R-S?

There is a response and a stimulus

Neg. Punishment

In attempt to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus (When child talks back to parent they lose a privilege)

John Baldwin

Adds sensory stimulation to list of primary reinforcers

To describe operant learning experience you must identify 3 elements...

1) initial situation
2) behavior that occurs in situation
3) change in situation following behavior

Pavlovian

involuntary (reflexive behavior) (eye blink)
Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscles and glands

Operant

Voluntary (eye wink)
Somatic
Voluntary nervous system and skeletal muscles
(Occurs simultaneously with Pavlovian)

The relation between reinforcer size or strength and learning is...

NOT linear

What are the 2 processes in the 2-process theory of avoidance?

Pavlovian and operant learning

Positive punishment

a behavior is followed by the presentation of or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus (type 1 punishment)

Behavior that depends on smooth muscles and glands is...

harder to reinforce than behavior that depends on skeletal muscles

Premack Principle

High probability/ likely/ strong behavior reinforces low probability/ unlikely/ weak behavior

Problem with Premack theory

Secondary reinforcers. Theory does not explain why the word yes is reinforcing. Low probability will reinforce high probability of a person has been stopped from low probability

Advantage of Premack theory

Empirical, no hypothetical concepts

DRI

Differential reinforcement of compatible behavior: a form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced (smiling incompatible with frowning)
- good for self injurious behavior

Racial prejudice probably involves...

Semantic generalization

Examples of time related schedules

-Fixed time- unemployment compensation
-Variable time- fishing (may or may not catch fish/ luck)
-Fixed duration- child playing piano (if child practices for full hour they are given cookies as a reinforcer)
-Variable duration- child playing piano, but lesson time is variable and there is no telling when reinforcer will appear

What are the essential elements of Spence Gradient Theory of discrimination? How dies it differ from the Lashley- Wade theory?

Generalization occurs bc the animal has had too little experience with the stimuli involved to be able to discriminate among them.
S+ creates a gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red). The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference between extinction and inhibition.

Discriminative stimulus

Respond to original conditioned stimulus but not other similar stimulation. (Marine not responding to fear when facing another person wearing very similar hat that is used by officer marines)

When recruits learn to make their beds correctly bc this gets the drill instructor to stop yelling this illustrates

Neg reinforcement

Responding differently to the senior drill instructor than the regular is an example of?

Discrimination

Marine recruits learn to tell the difference between enlisted personnel and officers by the insignias they wear. These insignias are examples of?

discriminative stimuli

What was the original purpose of imprisonment as a form of criminal justice is the US?

Before the revolutionary war, jails were used for debtors and those awaiting trial

Classical conditioning refers to behaviors that are emitted; operant conditioning refers to behaviors that are elicited

FALSE

A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that has reinforcing properties bc it has been associated with other reinforcers

TRUE

Crossing and recrossing your legs during a lecture is an example of?

Operant conditioning

For rewards to be effective they must?

Occur after the response

The bball coach at Indiana University always used to wear the same red sweater at the games. We can say this resulted from?

Accidental reinforcement of superstitious behavior

The relative value theory of reinforcement should predict that low probability will punish the high probability behaviors they follow (eating pizza after you study will reduce pizza eating)

TRUE

The difference between + and - punishment is that + punishment suppress behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus, - punishment suppresses behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus

TRUE

A certain 2year old hates to go to bed at night. Whenever she sees dad coming with her PJ's she runs and hides. this is a result of?

Avoidance conditioning

Suppose I only gave you credit for every 5 questions you answered correctly on a test. What kind of reinforcement schedule would this represent?

Fixed ratio

Sam is waiting for a train to arrive. As the time for arrive gets closer and closer, Sam looks up more frequently from the book he is reading. His behavior is probably following which schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed time schedule

Joe likes to brag about his son's exploits on the soccer field. Sometimes people just ignore him, but sometimes they listen and smile when he tells his stories. You'd think he would get the message that people don't care, but he persists bragging. His behavior shows evidence of

Resistance to extinction

A good schedule for getting a hyperactive child to calm down is differential reinforcement for low rate (DRL)

TRUE

If learning to draw human figures helps a child learn to draw animal figures, we would say that + transfer has occurred

TRUE

If you were really good at telling whether people were lying by recognizing facial features, your ability would be an example of response discrimination

FALSE
*** stimulus discrimination

When my daughter was 3 she learned to say STOP when I came to red traffic light and Go when I came to a green light. Jenna's behavior towards the light demonstrated

Stimulus discrimination

Abuse refers to actions that lead to a physical or mental harm not just getting people to do something they do not want to do

TRUE

Punishment crosses the line into abuse when the receiver of the punishment is forced to do something against his or her own will

FALSE

Partial reinforcement refers to

giving rewards only part of the trails

A continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule is basically a fixed ratio (FR) schedule (FR-1)

TRUE

An example of ration strain occurs when a rat is required to exert a strenuous amount of effort each time he presses the bar

FALSE

As the stimulus generalization gradient becomes steeper, the animal is demonstrating greater discrimination

TRUE

Which of the following is NOT a source of + transfer?

Response interference

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