Psych test 2
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- University of Georgia
- Psychology
- Psychology 1101
- Goodie
- Psych test 2
What is Orientation Response?
A tendency that you are born with and that you respond with in surprising situations.
What is habitualization?
when you get used to something because it has been repeated, and you quit responding to it.
What is sensitization?
when your response increases due to repetition.
What is second order conditioning?
when people like something because of what it is associated with. (Tiger Woods and gatorade or Nike--Ben)
What is stimulus generalization?
when you respond to a new stimulus the same way you do to an established conditioned stimulus
- Example: Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white, furry rat. Generalized to other stimulifeared anything white and furry
What is stimulus discrimination?
responding differently than you would to an established conditioned stimulus.
- Albert responds differently to a block of wood than he does to white furry things (see generalization)
What is Operant Conditioning?
how we learn about the consequences of our own actions.
What is classical conditioning (pavlovian)?
how we learn about the signaling properties of events.
What is learning?
- any process or experience that causes a more or less permanent change in your behavior
What is a reflex?
an unlearned link between stimulus and response.
True or False: It is possible to forget a behavior or reflex response.
False. It is virtually impossible.
What kind of relationship does the stimulus and response have with each other?
If/then relationship. If stimulus then response.
What type of conditioning predict what will happen in the future?
Classical/ Pavlovian Conditioning.
Explain Pavlov's experiment.
Ring a bell-no salivation; present food-salivation; bell followed by food-salivation; Repeat bell with food; Ring just the bell- salivation.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
a neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.
What is a unconditioned stimulus?
the stimulus that automatically leads to a response without any training.
What is an unconditioned response?
the untrained response you automatically get from an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a conditioned response?
a respons that comes from the conditioned response in anticipation to the unconditioned stimulus.
What was Pavlov's explanation to his findings from his experiment?
He believed that we create links in the brain to form new reflexes. He said that conditioned stimulus (bell) was a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (food), and eventually the response to them identically.
What is acquisition?
your conditioned response gets stronger when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is repeated.
What is extinction?
condition responding starts to go away when the conditioned response is presented without the unconditioned response (bell without the food) for a long time.
What is spontaneous recovery?
- conditioned responding that had disappeared in extinction is recovered spontaneously with the passage of time
What is conditioned inhibition?
learning that an event shows the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
How do most people develop phobias?
by pairing what they are afraid of with a bad or traumatic experience.
What is systematic desensitization?
used to reduce fear and anxiety that have become associated with an object or an event.
What kind of response is a fear response ?
controlled response
What is Aversion Therapy?
- a treatment for replacing a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus, such as alcohol, with something negative, such as feeling nauseated. Replaces positive associations with negative ones
What is Antabuse?
theory developed to help alcoholics; the alcoholic would take a pill everyday, and the pill only reacts with alcohol and makes the person sick (would only work if the person actually took the meds.)
What is the difference between Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning?
operant: being trained that there is an action that you can do to be rewarded with what you want.
classical: things that we have no control over--salivation and food. reflexes.
What is positive reinforcement?
basically doing what works.
What is "the common principle?"
the events that follow an action that determine if that action happens again.
What is reinforcement?
strengthening of a behavior by treating a behavior well so that the behavior will happen again.
What is punishment?
when a behavior is punished and given consequences so that the behavior will not happen again.
What is continuous reinforcement?
response is rapidly by reinforcement every time it occurs
What is partial reinforcement?
when reinforcement is only given sometimes.
what is observational learning?
learning by observing others experiences
What is modeling?
the tendency we have to imitate the behaviors others
Explain the Bandura experiment?
showed children a video of people punching a blow up doll, and then they gave the kids a doll and they attacked the doll as the video did.
What are examples of developmental disorders?
Retardation; IQ less than 70 and Autism; less common than mental retardation
What are examples of disruptive behaviors?
ADHD and Conduct Disorder
What are examples of Eating disorders?
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
What is separation anxiety?
usually have problems separating from parents; if it's still bad after the first day then you diagnose.
What is Selective mutism?
anxiety when children who normally don't have problems with their speech don't talk to certain people or in certain situations. (usually talk around parents, but not in classroom situations)
What is Tourettes Syndrome?
a tic disorder that usually increases when nervous or feels pressure. Vocal tics come with cursing, not because angry, just because.
What is Autism?
social disorder and 1/2 of people with autism don't speak.
What is Echolalia?
When someone repeats vocalizations made by someone else.
What is pronominal reversal?
when someone gets their pronouns mixed up.
What do children do if the are using self-stimulation or self injury?
hitting themselves constantly, but they don't see the pain as a bad thing to make them want to stop. The pain stimulates them so they keep doing it.
True or False: Every child with Autism has an amazing hidden talent.
False. It does happen occasionally, but it's rare.
How do people use behavior modification on Autistic children?
The parents will reward when they listen and obey, or when they say hello to someone. Some use shock therapy to discourage self injurious behavior, only to protect the child from causing serious damage.
What is the course of Autism throughout someones life?
Most children grow out of it by developing enough social skills to hold a job and maybe get married. Retarded individuals can usually never live independently.
What is the difference between ADHD and ADD?
ADD: have trouble paying attention
ADHD: have trouble paying attention and can't sit still
What is Conduct Disorder?
Boys- 13 years; precursor to psychopaths; can be socialized (gangs) or under socialized (loners); usually starts and ends in adolescence
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
Refusal to maintain 85% of body weight; occurs in people with an intense fear of gaining weight; they starve themselves; diagnose after 3 menstrual cycles are missed.
What are the subtypes of anorexia?
restrictive and bulimic anorexia.
Restrictive: starvation only
Bulimic: purges: by using laxatives and excessive exercise
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
out of control eating behaviors, and the vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise;
Subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa are. . .
purging and non-purging.
Purging: laxatives and vomiting
Non-Purging: fasting and excessive exercise
True or False: Bulimia is usually not life threatening like Anorexia Nervosa is, but it causes problems with digestion and your teeth.
True. The acid from the vomiting can cause damage to your digestive system, but people don't die nearly as often from Bulimia as they do from Anorexia.
What is a zygote?
a fertilized human egg with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 from the father
What is the Germinal Stage of pregnancy?
conception to the point of implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus wall; 1/2 of the eggs don't plant.
What is the Embryonic stage of pregnancy?
implantation to the 8th week. the baby has arms, legs, beating heart, etc. gender is decided.
What is the fetal stage of pregnancy?
9th week until birth. all other development happens in this stage.
On average babies weigh ______ pounds and are ______ inches.
7; 20
What are teratogens?
- Environmental agents, such as disease organisms or drugs, that can potentially damage the developing embryo or fetus
True or False: Women with morning sickness are less likely to have morning sickness.
True. Some people think that morning sickness is an evolutionary adaptation to prevent harmful foods to be ingested so no harm can com to the baby.
Your brain grows in weight during ______________.
the first two years after birth. Already present neurons are growing in size and complexity.
While a baby is in the crawling/walking stage, _____________ is growing in an "down and out" fashion.
the nervous system
From toddler to adolescence, growth rate ___________, and ______________ increases.
slows down; coordination
What is puberty?
when a person reaches sexual maturity and are able to produce offspring; growth spirt during this time; Girls: 11, Boys: 13
What is Menopause?
a period when women menstrual cycle stops and they are no longer able to have children.
What is dementia?
when you have physically based losses in mental functioning.
What is longitudinal design?
- a research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time
What is a cross-sectional design?
- research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same time
Babies are interested in _________ stimuli, and are particularly interested in ____________.
Novel (new)---they get bored quickly.; faces
True or False: Autistic children are not good at positive emotion.
True. This could cause problems with parents becoming attached to their babies because they don't really smile or acknowledge them.
Explain the baby monkey experiment referring to attachment.
The baby monkeys were taken from their mothers and were given a choice of a wire "mother" with food, or cloth, soft "mother" with no food. The babies mainly chose the cloth "mother" strictly for comfort.
What is a secure attachment?
if parent is present, the baby will play happily. the baby will cry when the parent leaves, but is easily soothed when they return.
Parent style: sensitive and responsive to baby's needs
What is an insecure resistant attachment?
Baby doesn't trust the parent so the baby won't play off to the side. When the mother leaves the baby cries and it won't stop crying when mother comes back.
Parenting style: inconsistant
What is an insecure avoidant attachment?
Not really attached to the mother, and is not bothered when the mother leaves, stranger comes in, or when mother comes back.
Parenting style: indifferent impatient
What is a disorganized/ disoriented attachment?
common in abuse; the baby is more upset and hostile when the mother returns.
What is a schema?
mental models of the world that we use to interpret our own experiences. like categories we put things into in put mind.
What is Assimilation ?
The process when we fit new experiences into existing schemas (categories).
What is Accommodation?
When we modify an existing schema to fit a new experience.
What is the sensorimotor period?
the first stage of development (0-2)
- Schemata revolve around the visible world and sensory and motor abilities
What is object performance?
Babies forget that objects exist when they are not in sight. (sensorimotor period.)
What is the pre-operational stage?
second stage of development (2-7)
- Good at representation (can use one object to stand for another—imaginary play); lack of ability to perform mental operations
What is conservation?
When kids don't think things are the same due to slight superficial changes.
EX. The child would complain that he/she had less ice cream than someone else, when really that child's bowl is just bigger.
What is Egocentrism?
seeing the world in your own unique perspective only.
What is the concrete operational stage?
3rd stage of development (7-11)
- Gain capacity for true mental operations—verbalizing, visualizing, and mental manipulation; no abstract thinking and no pure math
What is the formal operational stage?
4th stage of development (11-adulthood)
- Mastery gained over abstract thinking; deductive and inductive thinking
What is morality?
being able to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
What is Kolhburg's Stage theory?
- Believed that people move through stages of moral development—would give people a dilemma, ask them to solve it, and use their reasoning to help identify their state of moral development
What is the pre-conventional stage of morality?
the lowest level of morality and the decision of right and wrong is based on the outside consequences
What is the conventional stage of morality?
The decision between right and wrong is based on wether it will maintain or disrupt social order.
What is Post-conventional stage of morality?
highest level of morality and right and wrong is judged on your personal morals even if it goes outside of the norm.
What is personal identity?
the sense of who you are as an individual and how well you measure up against your peers.
What is the linguistic relativity process?
- language not only shapes how we think but also how we perceive the world
- ex: if your language lacks color terms to distinguish between blue and green, you would have a difficult telling colors apart on a color test
What is phonology?
rules on how sounds should be combined to make words
What is syntax?
the structure of language how we put sounds into meaningful wholes
What is semantics?
the meaning of language
What are phonemes?
language sound; 200ish sounds in whole human language, and 45 in English
What are morphemes?
smallest units of language that carry meaning; 50,000 to 80,000 per person
- Ex: “ing” adds meaning to a word and therefore is a morpheme but NOT a word; grammar determines which goes first
Speech is very different from ____________________.
written language.
What are pragmatics?
meaningful sounds that aren't morphemes like grunts and inflection.
Facial expressions, eye rolling, staring, and body language is classified as ___________________.
nonverbal communication
What is Generativity?
the fact that it is unnatural to say the same sentences over and over, it's more natural to come up with sentences that you have never said before on short notice.
Explain Deep structure vs. Surface Structure.
The deep structure is the underlying meaning of a sentence and the surface structure is the literal meaning of the words.
In babies, when are the cooing?
3-5 weeks
In babies, when are the babbling consonants?
4-6 months
In children when does telegraphic speech occur?
2-6 years
What is telegraphic speech?
when speech is like a telegram; children omit the articles (a, an, the) and prepositions, they also can have really short sentences.
True or False: Kids can understand longer more complex sentences than they produce.
True. Just because they say short sentences doesn't mean you have to.
What is a category?
- class of objects (people, places, or things) that most people agree belong together—allow us to infer invisible properties about objects and make predictions about the future
What are defining features?
- set of features necessary to make objects acceptable members of a category
What is a prototype?
- the best or most representative member of a category (such as robin for the category “bird”)
What is a well-defined problem?
- problem with a well-stated goal, clear starting point, and a relatively easy way to tell when a solution has been obtained
What is an ill-defined problem?
- a problem, such as the search for “happiness”, that has no well-stated goal, no clear starting point, and no mechanism for evaluating progress
What are Heuristics?
- rules of thumb we use to solve problems; can usually be applied quickly, but they do not guarantee that a solution will be found
- general guideline that works pretty well but does not ALWAYS work
What is social cognition?
how people make sense of other people's actions as well as their own by using perception, memory, thought, and emotion.
Everyone judges their first impressions off of _____________________.
physical appearance.
- Studies show when we first look at someone who is attractive we assume he/she is. . .
more intelligent, health, socially aware than they would be if they were unattractive.
What is a social schema?
- a general knowledge structure, stored in long term memory, that relates to social experiences or people
- ex. how you talk to people: babies-baby talk, old people-louder and slower
How do stereotypes form?
when social schemas revolve around the traits of a group and the members of the group.
How do prejudices form?
evaluating all members of a group the same way--no exceptions
What is discrimination?
the behaviors directed toward a certain group; comes from prejudice.
What is the self-fullfiling prophecy effect?
when our expectations of people lead them to be the way we expected.
Explain the men/women phone experiment.
Some men were shown pictures of attractive women and were told they were talking them on the phone. These men felt the conversations were great, thought the women were funny, smart, etc. The men shown unattractive women did not think this.
What are attributions?
the inference process people use to assign cause and effect behavior.
What is external attribution?
- attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to an external event or situation in the environment
What is internal attribution?
- attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition
What question does consistency ask?
- does the change occur consistently with the causal event?
What question does distinctness ask?
- change occur uniquely in presence of causal event?
What question does consensus ask?
- do other people show similar reactions to same causal event?
What is the fundamental attribution error?
- When people seek to interpret someone else’s behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors
What is actor observer effect?
- Overall tendency to make internal attributions about others behaviors (disposition), and external attributions about your own behavior (circumstance)
What is a self serving bias?
- Overall tendency to make internal attributions about one’s own behavior when the outcome is positive and to blame the situation when one’s behavior leads to something negative
What is a cognitive attitude?
- represents what people know or believe about the object of their attitude
What is an emotional attitude?
- feelings that the object produces
What is a behavioral attitude?
- predisposition to act toward the object in a particular way
What is cognitive dissonance?
- The tension produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes
The following sequence “bell rings, dog salivates, food arrives” represents what type of conditioning?
Classical conditioning
Negative Reinforcement ______ as a consequence of the targeted behavior.
Removes something bad
When integrating information, we often start with an initial value. What is the name of this initial value?
an anchor
Which of following is a heuristic we discussed in class?
the representative heuristic, the availability heuristic, anchoring and adjustment.
Lance has lost the last 20 hands of poker at his weekly game, and believes he is more likely to win on the 21st hand. Lance is displaying:
the gambler's fallacy
It is easier to get _____ values (e.g. a high win percentage) with a _____ sample (e.g. less games in a season).
extreme; smaller
A decline in the tendency to respond to an event following repeated exposure to the event is referred to as:
habituation
People learn about the signaling properties of environmental events through the type of learning known as:
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training is referred to as:
the unconditioned response
The ________ of language enables the communicator to combine arbitrary symbols to convey meaning.
grammar
The __________ refers to the literal ordering of words in a sentence.
surface structure
We learned in class that not all reflexes can habituate. Which of the following is an example of such a reflex?
your knee jerk reflex
In most cases as a stimulus is repeated, a reflex tends to become weaker and weaker. This is called:
Habituation
Which of the following characteristics is generally true of the preoperational period?
You can imagine objects and people but not the actions of these objects or people
What is a particularly powerful example of classical conditioning
Taste aversion
All of the following are included in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development EXCEPT:
The genetic stage
Which of the following statements is true?
Everyone with antisocial personality disorder displayed conduct disorder as an adolescent
Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of autism?
Special abilities are common among those with autism
Steven loves football, but doesn't know the the rules or players. He never watches the games and he turned down to go to a game. This is:
Cognitive dissonance
She is a very skilled pianist with experience with this piece. with skill level, she will experience which of the following during her performance?
Social facilitation
Samantha is LEAST likely to form a positive attitude toward soccer if:
She has never had any exposure to it
Which of the following is a component of the covariation model of attribution?
Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency
Elizabeth wants to train her cat to drool at a sound telephone. she pairs the sound with tuna. Elizabeth should present the tuna:
A few seconds after the telephone rings
Sylvia is playing w/ a dog when it falls and rolls under her crib. She doesn't seem distressed, and she does not look for it. Piaget says that Sylvia:
Understands object permanence and Has not yet mastered the concept of
object permanence
Lee doesn’t understand why his friend doesn’t like the same things he does. Lee’s inability to consider the perspective of another person represents:
Egocentrism
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