Test #1 for Exercise Physiology 2

James H.

Created: 2011-02-27
Last Modified: 2011-06-28

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Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement

The 3 functions of the pulmonary system

Remove C02
Oxygenate blood
Maintain pH

Greatest amount of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

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The amount of air that is inspired or expired ina normal breath

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Greatest amount of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that is left in the lungs following a maximal exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

The greatest amount of air that can be inspired from a resting expiratory level

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

IC = IRV + Vr

Greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation

Vital Capacity

VC = IRV + Vr + ERV

Amount of air left in thel lungs at the end of a normal expiration

Functional Residual Capacity

FRC = ERV + RV

Greatest amount of air that can be contained in the lungs

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

TLC = VC + RV

TLC = IC + FRC

TLC = IRV + Vt + ERV + RV

Contracts during quiet inspiration

Diaphram

External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor contract along with the diaphragm during what

labored inspiration

What happens when the thoracic cavity increases

lungs expand

Alveolar pressure does what when the thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand

alveolar pressure decreases to 758 mm Hg

What is the atmospheric pressure

760 mm Hg at sea level

what does the diaphragm do during normal/quiet expiration

relaxes

what happens when thoracic cavity decreases in size

lungs recoil

what happens when alveolar pressure decreases

air rushes in

what happens when alveolar pressure increases

air rushes out

ease with which lungs and chest will expand depends upon...

elasticity of lungs
surface tension

Forms sdcar tissue in lungs

tuberculosis

fluid in lungs and reduced surfactant

pulmonary edema

muscles can't contract

paralysis

resistance to airflow depends primarily on

ariway size (diameter)

how do you increase the airway diameter

increase size of chest

decrease airway by...

contracting smooth muscles lining the airway;s

airway resistance increases with

increased air viscosity (thick air)
increased airway length (breahing through a tube)

normal quiet breathing

eupnea

temporary cessation of breathing

apnea

difficult or labored breathing

dyspnea

rapid breathing

tachypnea

descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration

diaphragmatic breathing

just rib activity involeved

costal breathing

deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis and strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passages

coughing

spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure of rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound

hiccuping

volume of air expired by lungs each minute

minute ventilation (Ve)

the usual measurement of pulmonary ventilation

minute ventilation (Ve)

Ve = equation ?

Ve = tidal volume x breath frequency (expressed as liters/ min)

Ve goes up or down with age

down

risidual volume goes up or down with age

up

increasing risidual volume and decreasing minute ventilation with age is due to

decreasing strength of the muscles involved with breathing

male or female have higher Ve usually

males

Ve is controlled by

neurons in the pons & medulla oblongata

3 groups of neurons

medullary rhythmicity
pneumotaxic
apneustic

the rispiratory center of the body controls what

minute ventilation

controls basic rhythm of respiration

medullary ryhthmicity area

inspiration for 2 seconds, expiration for 3 seconds

medullary ryhthmicity area

cells active for 2 seconds then inactive

autorhythmic cells

neurons inactive during most quiet breathing only

expiratory neurons

constant inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area

pneumotaxic area

neurons trying to turn off inspiration before lungs become too expanded

pneumotaxic area

stimulatory signals to inspiratory area to prolong inspiration

apneustic area

voluntarily altering breathing patterns influences what

regulation of respiratory center

limitations of regulating the respiratory center are

build up of C02 & H+ in blood

the inspiratory center is stimulated by an increase in what

CO2
H+ in blood

pressure of an individual gas is termed

partial pressure

denoted as (p)

sum of all partial pressures

total pressure

atmospheric pressure is?

760 mm Hg at sea level

Equation for atmospheric pressure

pO2 + pCO2 + pN2 + pH2O

Composition of air

21% 02
79% N2
.04% CO2

Composition of Aleveolar Air

14% O2
79% N2
5.2% C02

Composition of expired air

16% 02
79% N2
4.5% C02

alveolar or expired air have less 02

alveolar has less 02

alveolar or expired air has more 02 and less C02

expired air has more 02 and less C02

Respond to changes is H+ or pC02

central chemoreceptors in medulla

slight increase in pC02 is noticed

hypercapnia

respond to changes in H+, p02, or pC02

peripheral chemoreceptors

in the wall of the aorta

aortic body

in wals of common carotid arteries

carotid bodies

nerves join glossopharyngeal nerve in what kind of bodies

carotid bodies - in walls of common carotid arteries

nerves join vagus nerve in what

aortic body - in wall of aorta

quick breathing rate response to exercise

input from proprioceptors

other name for inflation reflex

Hering - Breurer Reflex

big deep breaths activates stretch receptors and produces urge to exhale

Inflation Reflex (Hering - Breurer Reflex)

Factors increasing breathing rate

emotional anxiety
rise in temperature
drop in blood prssure

Apnea of cessation of breathing caused by

sudden plunge in cold water
sudden pain
irritation of airway

Look at slide 17

voluntary hyperventilation controlled by

cerebral cortex

anticipation of activity via stimulation of

the limbic system

Chemoreceptors detect increases and decreases in...

Increase in arterial blood H+ level or pC02 above 40mm Hg
Decrease in arterial blood p02 from 100 to 50 mm Hg

increase in sensory impulses come from

proprioceptors in muscles and joints

increase in motor impulses comes from

the motor cortex

Decrease in blood pressure is detected by

baroreceptors

Ventilation Rate and Depth Increase with

voluntary hyperventilation
anticipation of activity
increase in arterial blood H+ level or pC02 above 40mm Hg
decrease in arterial blood p02 from 100 to 50 mm Hg
Increase in sensory impules
Increase in motor impulses
Decrease in blood pressure
Increase in body temperature
prolonged pain
stretching anal sphincter

Ventilation Rate and Depth Decrease with

Voluntary hypoventilation
decrease in arterial blood H+ level or p02 level below 40mm Hg
decrease in arterial blood p02 below 50 mm Hg
decrease in sendory imulses
decrease in motor impulses
increase in blood pressure
decrease in body temperature
severe pain causes apnea
irritation of pharynx or larynx

By touch or chemicals causes apnea followed by coughing or sneezing

point in intense exercise when ventilation increases disproportionally to 02 consumption

ventilatory breakpoint

what happens when work rate exceeds 55% to 70% VO2 max

energy must be derived from glycolysis

Glycolysis increases what

H+ levels (decreased pH)

triggers a respiratory response and increased ventilation

Ve/VO2

Ventilatory Equivalent

how much you breather to get one liter

ventilatory equivalent

Ventilatory equivalent at rest

20:1

Ventilatory equivalent at work

30:1

Ve/V02 does what as work intensity increases

rises rapidly as work intensity increases

Contribute to ventilatory equivalent increase

skeletal muscle continually activated
lung mechanoreceoptors are continually activated
catecholamine levels increase
C02 levels increase (stimulate chemoreceptors)
pH drops (stimulate chemoreceptors)
body temperature increases

demonstrates that the lung has more responsibility than just oxygenating the blood

The increase in Ve/V02

strongest controller of Ve

C02 levels

normal pH of blood

7.4

what happens to blood pH during exercise

pH decreases (becomes more acidic)

causes an increase in Ve

Happens if you increase your Ve during rest

increase in pH (alkalosis)

Happens if you decrease your Ve during rest

decrease in pH (acidosis)

largely determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of lbood

hemoglobin concentration

allows more oxygen to be unloaded in a muscle

increased H+ (acidity)
temperature of a muscle

2 Blood supplies to the lung

bronchial circulation
pulmonary circulation

Stems from the bronchial arteries, which comes off the aorta

bronchial circulation

Bronchial capillary empties into the...

left atrium

supplies oxygen to the upper airways which are too thick for oxygen in the lumen to diffuse completely through.

bonchial circulation

prssure is greater in what arteries

bronchial arteries

help reduc the likelihood of ischemic infarction of lung tissue

bronchial circulation

Bronchial circulation receives how much of the left sided cardiac output

2%

pulmonary circulation recieves how much of the right sided cardiac output

100%

blood supply to the lungs that is smaller and lower in pressure

pulmonary circulation

blood doesn't have to be pumped as hard or overcome as much gravity in this blood supply system

pulmonary circulation

blood system that doesn't need to direct the blood to one area over another

pulmonary circulation

Surface area is 1/2 a tennis court size

alveolar surface area

how many alevoli are there

300 million with a rich blood supply

Conducting zone is made of

trachea
bronchus
bronchiole

Respiratory zone is made of

Respiratory bronchiole
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacks

60% of maximum oxygen consumption

submaximal exercise

Minute ventilation rises with C02 production without a rise in...

PaC02

approaching 100% of maximum oxygen consumption

maximal exercise

Minute ventilation rises with C02 production without a rise in PaC02

submaximal exercise

increased levels of H+ are seen and minute ventilation rises more steeply

maximal exercise

Causes and increase in 02 consumption and C02 production at the tissue level

exerices

an increase in 02 consumption and C02 production at the tissue level causes circulatory effects that:

increase tissue blood fow

Which consequently increases venous return to the chest

The lungs must eliminate more CO2 and absorb more 02 and it does this by...

increasing ventilation

rises linearly with CO2 production at lower levels of exercise

minute ventilation (Ve)

PC02 does what in normal people with exercise

stays the same during moderate exercise (40 mm Hg) or drops slightly

Respiratory muscles consume how much 02 during heavy exercise

15%

muscles that seem to be more resistant to fatigue during long term activity than muscles of the extremities

respiratory muscle

not a limiting factor for performance, but it can be in highly trained people

pulmonary ventilation

usually don't limit performance, but abnormal or obstructive respiratory disorders can limit performance

airway resistance
gas diffusion

constricts terminal bronchioles

nicotine

due to smokes partial pressure ... is reduced

p02 is reduced

binds to hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding

carbon monoxide

cause excess mucus secretion

irritants in smoke

irritants in smoke inhibit what

movement of cilia

inhibition of the movement of cilia results in what

reduction in the removal of mucus and musc

in time smoking leads to

destruction of elastic fibers in lungs
emphysema

diesease that traps air in alveoli and reduces gas exhange

emphysema

2 parts of cardiac cycle

systole

diastole

when ventricle is contracting

systole

when ventricle is relaxing

diastole

side of the heart studied since both sides contract at the same time

left side

systole and diastole each have how many phases

2

2 phases of systolic

isovolumic contraction
ventricular ejection

myocardium is contracting and developing sufficient tension to open the semilunar/ aortic valve

isovolumic contraction phase

blood leaves the ventricle and enters into the artery

ventricular ejection phase

the sumilunar valve is closed and the ventricle is relaxing

isovolumic relaxation phase

The A-V valve opens and blood leaves the atrium and enters the ventricle

ventricular filling phase

what experiences the biggest change when heart rate increases

diastole (heart has less time to rest)

parasympathetic input (or drive) does what to heart rate

decreases HR

Sympathetic input (or drive) does what to heart rate

increases HR

Functions of sympathetic input

increase HR
Increase strength of contraction
vasodilation of coronary arteries
mild vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
Vasoconstriction (alpha receptors)
Vasodilation (beta receptors)

functions of parasympathetic input

decrease HR
decrease strentgh of atrial contraction
vasoconstriciton of coronary arteries
dilation of skin blood vessels

the reason max heart rate declines with age

a loss of responsiveness to sympathetic input

other name for Bainbridge Reflex

Atrial Stretch Reflex

Bainbridge reflex occurs where

right atrium

3 things that happen if the right atrium gets stretched out

HR increases
Ve increases
Urinary output increases

3 basic types of receptors

chemo
mechano
baro

located in the CNS, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles

Chemoreceptors

sensitive to C02, pH, K+, and maybe others

Chemoreceptors

cause increases in Q, blood flow, and indirectly may increase BP

Chemoreceptors

found in both heart and skeletal muscles

mechanoreceptors

sensitive to movement/stretch of muscles

mechanoreceptors

cuase increase in Q, and indirectly may increase BP and blood flow

mechanoreceptors

found in the carotid bodies of the carotid arteries

baroreceptors

sensitive to stretch of the arterial walls (sensitive to BP)

baroreceptors

regulate BP by altering Q

baroreceptors

controls resting heart rate and resting BP

baroreceptors

Baroreceptors are located in

the aorta
carotid arteries

decreases the sensitivity of the baroreceptors

increasing wall stiffness

more blood in more blood out

Frank Sterling Mechanism

an increase in the pre-contraction blood volume int he ventricle leads to an increase in the ejection fraction

Pre-Load Frank Starling Mechanism

volume of blood ejected / total volume of blood in the ventricle

ejection fraction

Average ejection fraction at rest =

about 60%

Average ejection fraction during exercise =

more than 85%

how do you increase the force of contraction

increase the volume of blood in the ventricle

length of myocytes is determined by

preload

determines the volume of blood ejected (known as Stroke Volume, SV)

tension (force of contraction)

Tend to shorten to the same minimal length across a range of starting lengths

cardiac myocytes

against a fixed afterload a greater myocyte stretch prior to contraction increase

magnitude of shortening
rate of length change (velocity of shortening)

Exercise Science 101 with Winchester at East Tennessee State University *

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