James H.
Greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
Amount of air left in thel lungs at the end of a normal expiration
Greatest amount of air that can be contained in the lungs
Contracts during quiet inspiration
External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor contract along with the diaphragm during what
What happens when the thoracic cavity increases
Alveolar pressure does what when the thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand
What is the atmospheric pressure
what does the diaphragm do during normal/quiet expiration
what happens when thoracic cavity decreases in size
what happens when alveolar pressure decreases
what happens when alveolar pressure increases
ease with which lungs and chest will expand depends upon...
Forms sdcar tissue in lungs
fluid in lungs and reduced surfactant
muscles can't contract
resistance to airflow depends primarily on
how do you increase the airway diameter
decrease airway by...
airway resistance increases with
normal quiet breathing
temporary cessation of breathing
difficult or labored breathing
rapid breathing
descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration
just rib activity involeved
deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis and strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passages
spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure of rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound
volume of air expired by lungs each minute
the usual measurement of pulmonary ventilation
Ve = equation ?
Ve goes up or down with age
risidual volume goes up or down with age
increasing risidual volume and decreasing minute ventilation with age is due to
male or female have higher Ve usually
Ve is controlled by
3 groups of neurons
the rispiratory center of the body controls what
controls basic rhythm of respiration
inspiration for 2 seconds, expiration for 3 seconds
cells active for 2 seconds then inactive
neurons inactive during most quiet breathing only
constant inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area
neurons trying to turn off inspiration before lungs become too expanded
stimulatory signals to inspiratory area to prolong inspiration
voluntarily altering breathing patterns influences what
limitations of regulating the respiratory center are
the inspiratory center is stimulated by an increase in what
pressure of an individual gas is termed
sum of all partial pressures
atmospheric pressure is?
Equation for atmospheric pressure
Composition of air
Composition of Aleveolar Air
Composition of expired air
alveolar or expired air have less 02
alveolar or expired air has more 02 and less C02
Respond to changes is H+ or pC02
slight increase in pC02 is noticed
respond to changes in H+, p02, or pC02
in the wall of the aorta
in wals of common carotid arteries
nerves join glossopharyngeal nerve in what kind of bodies
nerves join vagus nerve in what
quick breathing rate response to exercise
other name for inflation reflex
big deep breaths activates stretch receptors and produces urge to exhale
Factors increasing breathing rate
Apnea of cessation of breathing caused by
Look at slide 17
voluntary hyperventilation controlled by
anticipation of activity via stimulation of
Chemoreceptors detect increases and decreases in...
increase in sensory impulses come from
increase in motor impulses comes from
Decrease in blood pressure is detected by
Ventilation Rate and Depth Increase with
Ventilation Rate and Depth Decrease with
point in intense exercise when ventilation increases disproportionally to 02 consumption
what happens when work rate exceeds 55% to 70% VO2 max
Glycolysis increases what
Ve/VO2
how much you breather to get one liter
Ventilatory equivalent at rest
Ventilatory equivalent at work
Ve/V02 does what as work intensity increases
Contribute to ventilatory equivalent increase
demonstrates that the lung has more responsibility than just oxygenating the blood
strongest controller of Ve
normal pH of blood
what happens to blood pH during exercise
Happens if you increase your Ve during rest
Happens if you decrease your Ve during rest
largely determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of lbood
allows more oxygen to be unloaded in a muscle
2 Blood supplies to the lung
Stems from the bronchial arteries, which comes off the aorta
Bronchial capillary empties into the...
supplies oxygen to the upper airways which are too thick for oxygen in the lumen to diffuse completely through.
prssure is greater in what arteries
help reduc the likelihood of ischemic infarction of lung tissue
Bronchial circulation receives how much of the left sided cardiac output
pulmonary circulation recieves how much of the right sided cardiac output
blood supply to the lungs that is smaller and lower in pressure
blood doesn't have to be pumped as hard or overcome as much gravity in this blood supply system
blood system that doesn't need to direct the blood to one area over another
Surface area is 1/2 a tennis court size
how many alevoli are there
Conducting zone is made of
Respiratory zone is made of
60% of maximum oxygen consumption
Minute ventilation rises with C02 production without a rise in...
approaching 100% of maximum oxygen consumption
Minute ventilation rises with C02 production without a rise in PaC02
increased levels of H+ are seen and minute ventilation rises more steeply
Causes and increase in 02 consumption and C02 production at the tissue level
an increase in 02 consumption and C02 production at the tissue level causes circulatory effects that:
The lungs must eliminate more CO2 and absorb more 02 and it does this by...
rises linearly with CO2 production at lower levels of exercise
PC02 does what in normal people with exercise
Respiratory muscles consume how much 02 during heavy exercise
muscles that seem to be more resistant to fatigue during long term activity than muscles of the extremities
not a limiting factor for performance, but it can be in highly trained people
usually don't limit performance, but abnormal or obstructive respiratory disorders can limit performance
constricts terminal bronchioles
due to smokes partial pressure ... is reduced
binds to hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding
cause excess mucus secretion
irritants in smoke inhibit what
inhibition of the movement of cilia results in what
in time smoking leads to
diesease that traps air in alveoli and reduces gas exhange
2 parts of cardiac cycle
when ventricle is contracting
when ventricle is relaxing
side of the heart studied since both sides contract at the same time
systole and diastole each have how many phases
2 phases of systolic
myocardium is contracting and developing sufficient tension to open the semilunar/ aortic valve
blood leaves the ventricle and enters into the artery
the sumilunar valve is closed and the ventricle is relaxing
The A-V valve opens and blood leaves the atrium and enters the ventricle
what experiences the biggest change when heart rate increases
parasympathetic input (or drive) does what to heart rate
Sympathetic input (or drive) does what to heart rate
Functions of sympathetic input
functions of parasympathetic input
the reason max heart rate declines with age
other name for Bainbridge Reflex
Bainbridge reflex occurs where
3 things that happen if the right atrium gets stretched out
3 basic types of receptors
located in the CNS, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles
sensitive to C02, pH, K+, and maybe others
cause increases in Q, blood flow, and indirectly may increase BP
found in both heart and skeletal muscles
sensitive to movement/stretch of muscles
cuase increase in Q, and indirectly may increase BP and blood flow
found in the carotid bodies of the carotid arteries
sensitive to stretch of the arterial walls (sensitive to BP)
regulate BP by altering Q
controls resting heart rate and resting BP
Baroreceptors are located in
decreases the sensitivity of the baroreceptors
more blood in more blood out
an increase in the pre-contraction blood volume int he ventricle leads to an increase in the ejection fraction
volume of blood ejected / total volume of blood in the ventricle
Average ejection fraction at rest =
Average ejection fraction during exercise =
how do you increase the force of contraction
length of myocytes is determined by
determines the volume of blood ejected (known as Stroke Volume, SV)
Tend to shorten to the same minimal length across a range of starting lengths
against a fixed afterload a greater myocyte stretch prior to contraction increase
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