Test #1 for Exercise Physiology 2
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- StudyBlue
- Tennessee
- East Tennessee State University
- Exercise Science
- Exercise Science 101
- Winchester
- Test #1 for Exercise Physiology 2
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The 3 functions of the pulmonary system
- Remove C02
- Oxygenate blood
- Maintain pH
Greatest amount of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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The amount of air that is inspired or expired ina normal breath
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Greatest amount of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The amount of air that is left in the lungs following a maximal exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
The greatest amount of air that can be inspired from a resting expiratory level
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
IC = IRV + Vr
Greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
Vital Capacity
VC = IRV + Vr + ERV
Amount of air left in thel lungs at the end of a normal expiration
Functional Residual Capacity
FRC = ERV + RV
Greatest amount of air that can be contained in the lungs
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
TLC = VC + RV
TLC = IC + FRC
TLC = IRV + Vt + ERV + RV
Contracts during quiet inspiration
Diaphram
External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor contract along with the diaphragm during what
labored inspiration
What happens when the thoracic cavity increases
lungs expand
Alveolar pressure does what when the thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand
alveolar pressure decreases to 758 mm Hg
What is the atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg at sea level
what does the diaphragm do during normal/quiet expiration
relaxes
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what happens when thoracic cavity decreases in size
lungs recoil
what happens when alveolar pressure decreases
air rushes in
what happens when alveolar pressure increases
air rushes out
ease with which lungs and chest will expand depends upon...
- elasticity of lungs
- surface tension
Forms sdcar tissue in lungs
tuberculosis
fluid in lungs and reduced surfactant
pulmonary edema
muscles can't contract
paralysis
resistance to airflow depends primarily on
ariway size (diameter)
how do you increase the airway diameter
increase size of chest
decrease airway by...
contracting smooth muscles lining the airway;s
airway resistance increases with
- increased air viscosity (thick air)
- increased airway length (breahing through a tube)
normal quiet breathing
eupnea
temporary cessation of breathing
apnea
difficult or labored breathing
dyspnea
rapid breathing
tachypnea
descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration
diaphragmatic breathing
just rib activity involeved
costal breathing
deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis and strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passages
coughing
spasmodic contraction of diaphragm and quick closure of rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound
hiccuping
volume of air expired by lungs each minute
minute ventilation (Ve)
the usual measurement of pulmonary ventilation
minute ventilation (Ve)
Ve = equation ?
Ve = tidal volume x breath frequency (expressed as liters/ min)
Ve goes up or down with age
down
risidual volume goes up or down with age
up
increasing risidual volume and decreasing minute ventilation with age is due to
decreasing strength of the muscles involved with breathing
male or female have higher Ve usually
males
Ve is controlled by
neurons in the pons & medulla oblongata
3 groups of neurons
- medullary rhythmicity
- pneumotaxic
- apneustic
the rispiratory center of the body controls what
minute ventilation
controls basic rhythm of respiration
medullary ryhthmicity area
inspiration for 2 seconds, expiration for 3 seconds
medullary ryhthmicity area
cells active for 2 seconds then inactive
autorhythmic cells
neurons inactive during most quiet breathing only
expiratory neurons
constant inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area
pneumotaxic area
neurons trying to turn off inspiration before lungs become too expanded
pneumotaxic area
stimulatory signals to inspiratory area to prolong inspiration
apneustic area
voluntarily altering breathing patterns influences what
regulation of respiratory center
limitations of regulating the respiratory center are
- build up of C02 & H+ in blood
the inspiratory center is stimulated by an increase in what
- CO2
- H+ in blood
pressure of an individual gas is termed
- partial pressure
- denoted as (p)
sum of all partial pressures
total pressure
atmospheric pressure is?
760 mm Hg at sea level
Equation for atmospheric pressure
pO2 + pCO2 + pN2 + pH2O
Composition of air
- 21% 02
- 79% N2
- .04% CO2
Composition of Aleveolar Air
- 14% O2
- 79% N2
- 5.2% C02
Composition of expired air
- 16% 02
- 79% N2
- 4.5% C02
alveolar or expired air have less 02
alveolar has less 02
alveolar or expired air has more 02 and less C02
expired air has more 02 and less C02
Respond to changes is H+ or pC02
central chemoreceptors in medulla
slight increase in pC02 is noticed
hypercapnia
respond to changes in H+, p02, or pC02
peripheral chemoreceptors
in the wall of the aorta
aortic body
in wals of common carotid arteries
carotid bodies
nerves join glossopharyngeal nerve in what kind of bodies
carotid bodies - in walls of common carotid arteries
nerves join vagus nerve in what
aortic body - in wall of aorta
quick breathing rate response to exercise
input from proprioceptors
other name for inflation reflex
Hering - Breurer Reflex
big deep breaths activates stretch receptors and produces urge to exhale
Inflation Reflex (Hering - Breurer Reflex)
Factors increasing breathing rate
- emotional anxiety
- rise in temperature
- drop in blood prssure
Apnea of cessation of breathing caused by
- sudden plunge in cold water
- sudden pain
- irritation of airway
Look at slide 17
voluntary hyperventilation controlled by
cerebral cortex
anticipation of activity via stimulation of
the limbic system
Chemoreceptors detect increases and decreases in...
- Increase in arterial blood H+ level or pC02 above 40mm Hg
- Decrease in arterial blood p02 from 100 to 50 mm Hg
increase in sensory impulses come from
proprioceptors in muscles and joints
increase in motor impulses comes from
the motor cortex
Decrease in blood pressure is detected by
baroreceptors
Ventilation Rate and Depth Increase with
- voluntary hyperventilation
- anticipation of activity
- increase in arterial blood H+ level or pC02 above 40mm Hg
- decrease in arterial blood p02 from 100 to 50 mm Hg
- Increase in sensory impules
- Increase in motor impulses
- Decrease in blood pressure
- Increase in body temperature
- prolonged pain
- stretching anal sphincter
Ventilation Rate and Depth Decrease with
- Voluntary hypoventilation
- decrease in arterial blood H+ level or p02 level below 40mm Hg
- decrease in arterial blood p02 below 50 mm Hg
- decrease in sendory imulses
- decrease in motor impulses
- increase in blood pressure
- decrease in body temperature
- severe pain causes apnea
- irritation of pharynx or larynx
- By touch or chemicals causes apnea followed by coughing or sneezing
point in intense exercise when ventilation increases disproportionally to 02 consumption
ventilatory breakpoint
what happens when work rate exceeds 55% to 70% VO2 max
energy must be derived from glycolysis
Glycolysis increases what
- H+ levels (decreased pH)
- triggers a respiratory response and increased ventilation
Ve/VO2
Ventilatory Equivalent
how much you breather to get one liter
ventilatory equivalent
Ventilatory equivalent at rest
20:1
Ventilatory equivalent at work
30:1
Ve/V02 does what as work intensity increases
rises rapidly as work intensity increases
Contribute to ventilatory equivalent increase
- skeletal muscle continually activated
- lung mechanoreceoptors are continually activated
- catecholamine levels increase
- C02 levels increase (stimulate chemoreceptors)
- pH drops (stimulate chemoreceptors)
- body temperature increases
demonstrates that the lung has more responsibility than just oxygenating the blood
The increase in Ve/V02
strongest controller of Ve
C02 levels
normal pH of blood
7.4
what happens to blood pH during exercise
- pH decreases (becomes more acidic)
- causes an increase in Ve
Happens if you increase your Ve during rest
increase in pH (alkalosis)
Happens if you decrease your Ve during rest
decrease in pH (acidosis)
largely determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of lbood
hemoglobin concentration
allows more oxygen to be unloaded in a muscle
- increased H+ (acidity)
- temperature of a muscle
2 Blood supplies to the lung
- bronchial circulation
- pulmonary circulation
Stems from the bronchial arteries, which comes off the aorta
bronchial circulation
Bronchial capillary empties into the...
left atrium
supplies oxygen to the upper airways which are too thick for oxygen in the lumen to diffuse completely through.
bonchial circulation
prssure is greater in what arteries
bronchial arteries
help reduc the likelihood of ischemic infarction of lung tissue
bronchial circulation
Bronchial circulation receives how much of the left sided cardiac output
2%
pulmonary circulation recieves how much of the right sided cardiac output
100%
blood supply to the lungs that is smaller and lower in pressure
pulmonary circulation
blood doesn't have to be pumped as hard or overcome as much gravity in this blood supply system
pulmonary circulation
blood system that doesn't need to direct the blood to one area over another
pulmonary circulation
Surface area is 1/2 a tennis court size
alveolar surface area
how many alevoli are there
300 million with a rich blood supply
Conducting zone is made of
- trachea
- bronchus
- bronchiole
Respiratory zone is made of
- Respiratory bronchiole
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacks
60% of maximum oxygen consumption
submaximal exercise
Minute ventilation rises with C02 production without a rise in...
PaC02
approaching 100% of maximum oxygen consumption
maximal exercise
Minute ventilation rises with C02 production without a rise in PaC02
submaximal exercise
increased levels of H+ are seen and minute ventilation rises more steeply
maximal exercise
Causes and increase in 02 consumption and C02 production at the tissue level
exerices
an increase in 02 consumption and C02 production at the tissue level causes circulatory effects that:
- increase tissue blood fow
- Which consequently increases venous return to the chest
The lungs must eliminate more CO2 and absorb more 02 and it does this by...
increasing ventilation
rises linearly with CO2 production at lower levels of exercise
minute ventilation (Ve)
PC02 does what in normal people with exercise
stays the same during moderate exercise (40 mm Hg) or drops slightly
Respiratory muscles consume how much 02 during heavy exercise
15%
muscles that seem to be more resistant to fatigue during long term activity than muscles of the extremities
respiratory muscle
not a limiting factor for performance, but it can be in highly trained people
pulmonary ventilation
usually don't limit performance, but abnormal or obstructive respiratory disorders can limit performance
- airway resistance
- gas diffusion
constricts terminal bronchioles
nicotine
due to smokes partial pressure ... is reduced
p02 is reduced
binds to hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding
carbon monoxide
cause excess mucus secretion
irritants in smoke
irritants in smoke inhibit what
movement of cilia
inhibition of the movement of cilia results in what
reduction in the removal of mucus and musc
in time smoking leads to
- destruction of elastic fibers in lungs
- emphysema
diesease that traps air in alveoli and reduces gas exhange
emphysema
2 parts of cardiac cycle
- systole
- diastole
when ventricle is contracting
systole
when ventricle is relaxing
diastole
side of the heart studied since both sides contract at the same time
left side
systole and diastole each have how many phases
2
2 phases of systolic
- isovolumic contraction
- ventricular ejection
myocardium is contracting and developing sufficient tension to open the semilunar/ aortic valve
isovolumic contraction phase
blood leaves the ventricle and enters into the artery
ventricular ejection phase
the sumilunar valve is closed and the ventricle is relaxing
isovolumic relaxation phase
The A-V valve opens and blood leaves the atrium and enters the ventricle
ventricular filling phase
what experiences the biggest change when heart rate increases
diastole (heart has less time to rest)
parasympathetic input (or drive) does what to heart rate
decreases HR
Sympathetic input (or drive) does what to heart rate
increases HR
Functions of sympathetic input
- increase HR
- Increase strength of contraction
- vasodilation of coronary arteries
- mild vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
- Vasoconstriction (alpha receptors)
- Vasodilation (beta receptors)
functions of parasympathetic input
- decrease HR
- decrease strentgh of atrial contraction
- vasoconstriciton of coronary arteries
- dilation of skin blood vessels
the reason max heart rate declines with age
a loss of responsiveness to sympathetic input
other name for Bainbridge Reflex
Atrial Stretch Reflex
Bainbridge reflex occurs where
right atrium
3 things that happen if the right atrium gets stretched out
- HR increases
- Ve increases
- Urinary output increases
3 basic types of receptors
- chemo
- mechano
- baro
located in the CNS, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles
Chemoreceptors
sensitive to C02, pH, K+, and maybe others
Chemoreceptors
cause increases in Q, blood flow, and indirectly may increase BP
Chemoreceptors
found in both heart and skeletal muscles
mechanoreceptors
sensitive to movement/stretch of muscles
mechanoreceptors
cuase increase in Q, and indirectly may increase BP and blood flow
mechanoreceptors
found in the carotid bodies of the carotid arteries
baroreceptors
sensitive to stretch of the arterial walls (sensitive to BP)
baroreceptors
regulate BP by altering Q
baroreceptors
controls resting heart rate and resting BP
baroreceptors
Baroreceptors are located in
- the aorta
- carotid arteries
decreases the sensitivity of the baroreceptors
increasing wall stiffness
more blood in more blood out
Frank Sterling Mechanism
an increase in the pre-contraction blood volume int he ventricle leads to an increase in the ejection fraction
Pre-Load Frank Starling Mechanism
volume of blood ejected / total volume of blood in the ventricle
ejection fraction
Average ejection fraction at rest =
about 60%
Average ejection fraction during exercise =
more than 85%
how do you increase the force of contraction
increase the volume of blood in the ventricle
length of myocytes is determined by
preload
determines the volume of blood ejected (known as Stroke Volume, SV)
tension (force of contraction)
Tend to shorten to the same minimal length across a range of starting lengths
cardiac myocytes
against a fixed afterload a greater myocyte stretch prior to contraction increase
- magnitude of shortening
- rate of length change (velocity of shortening)
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